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The Cycles of the Moon

The Cycles of the Moon. Moon Basics…?. What is the period of the Moon? What are the phases of the Moon? When can you see the different phases of the Moon? Does the Moon rotate as is revolves? Does the Moon cause our tides? What are tides? What are eclipses? Can we predict them?.

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The Cycles of the Moon

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  1. The Cycles of the Moon

  2. Moon Basics…? • What is the period of the Moon? • What are the phases of the Moon? • When can you see the different phases of the Moon? • Does the Moon rotate as is revolves? • Does the Moon cause our tides? • What are tides? • What are eclipses? • Can we predict them?

  3. Sidereal Period (1) The Sidereal period is the time it takes the moon to go around Earth WITH RESPECT TO THE STARS. Start with the moon lined up with some background stars. Now have the moon revolve around Earth.

  4. Sidereal Period (2) From our position on Earth, the moon goes around and then is again lined up with the stars behind it. Sidereal Period 27.32 days

  5. Sidereal Period (3) Note, however, that the moon no longer lines up with the Sun. It would need to go a bit further for that. Sidereal Period 27.32 days

  6. Synodic Period The Synodic period is the time it takes the moon to go around Earth WITH RESPECT TO THE SUN. Synodic 29.53 days The moon must go a bit further to line up with the Sun again. Sidereal 27.32 days

  7. Sunlight

  8. Sunlight

  9. Sunlight

  10. 1st Quarter Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous Full Moon New Moon Waning Waning Gibbous Crescent 3rd Quarter

  11. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent Full Moon New Moon Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Which phase is overhead at…? What time is the phase overhead…?

  12. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon Set Rise 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Phase What time does the 1st Quarter moon rise? Set? Point the arrow at the phase and it will tell you the rise and set time. The 1st Quarter rises at noon and sets at midnight.

  13. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon Set Rise 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Phase What time does the Waxing Gibbous moon rise? Set? Point the arrow at the phase and it will tell you the rise and set time. The Waxing Gibbous rises at 3 pm and sets at 3 am.

  14. What time does the Waning Crescent moon rise? Set? 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon Set Rise 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter The Waning Crescent rises at 3 am and sets at 3 pm. Phase Point the arrow at the phase and it will tell you the rise and set time.

  15. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Which phase rises at…? Which phase sets at…?

  16. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter The “phase” rises at…? The “phase”sets at…? Which phase is overhead at 11 pm?

  17. There are 4 points to the orbit 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent Full Moon New Moon Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter and 4 areas. 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Which phase is overhead at 11 pm? Waxing Gibbous

  18. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Which phase rises/sets at…?

  19. Using the paper method If you went out at 6 pm on the night of the full moon, which way would you look to see it? 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon Set Rise 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter East 6 pm is on the East side. E W Phase You would look to the East. The Full Moon would be rising on your eastern horizon. West Which way would you look to see…?

  20. Using the paper method If you went out at 6 pm on the night of the waxing crescent, which way would you look to see it? 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon Set Rise 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter 6 pm is on the West side. West Phase You would look to the West. The waxing crescent would be setting in the west. East Which way would you look to see…?

  21. In your head method 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Counterclockwise = East Clockwise = West Start at the time Rotate toward the phase If you went out at 6 pm on the night of the full moon, which way would you look to see it? You would look in a counterclockwise direction… East. The Full Moon would be rising on your eastern horizon. Which way would you look to see…?

  22. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Counterclockwise = East Clockwise = West If you went out at 6 am on the night of the waning gibbous, which way would you look to see it? Start at the time Rotate toward the phase You would look in a clockwise direction… West. Which way would you look to see…?

  23. 1st Quarter Counterclockwise = East Clockwise = West Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm E Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon W 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Which way would you look to see…?

  24. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Counterclockwise = East Clockwise = West E W New Moon (but you can’t see it), waxing crescent, 1st Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon. There are always 5 possibilities! If you went out at 6 pm every night for a month, which phases would you see?

  25. 1st Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter Counterclockwise = East Clockwise = West E W Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, 3rd Quarter, Waning Crescent There are always 5 possibilities! If you went out at 1 am every night for a month, which phases would you see?

  26. 1st Quarter Counterclockwise = East Clockwise = West Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent 6 pm 9 pm 3 pm E Full Moon New Moon Midnight Noon W 3 am 9 am 6 am Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 3rd Quarter What phases would you see during the month at…?

  27. Other websites A good tool to test yourself on moon phases can be found at: http://www.calvin.edu/~lmolnar/moon/Tool.html This tool requires JAVA. This website also has a good moon tutorial. This is a great animation of moon phases! http://astro.unl.edu/naap/lps/animations/lps.swf

  28. The Tides Tides are due to gravitational force on Earth from Moon – force on near side of Earth is greater than force on far side. Water can flow freely in response.

  29. 0 Spring and Neap Tides • The Sun is also producing tidal effects, about half as strong as the Moon. • Near Full and New Moon, those two effects add up to cause spring tides. • Near first and third quarter, the two effects work at a right angle, causing neap tides. Spring tides Neap tides

  30. The Tides Tides tend to exert a “drag” force on the Earth, slowing its rotation. This will continue until the Earth rotates synchronously with the Moon, so that the same side of the Earth always points toward the Moon.

  31. 0 Acceleration of the Moon’s Orbital Motion Earth’s tidal bulges are slightly tilted in the direction of Earth’s rotation. Gravitational force pulls the moon slightly forward along its orbit. This causes the Moon to recede at 2” per year. (3.8 cm)

  32. The Tidally-Locked Orbit of the Moon The Earth also exerts tidal forces on the moon’s rocky interior.  It is rotating with the same period around its axis as it is orbiting Earth (tidally locked).  We always see the same side of the moon facing Earth.

  33. The Tidal Effects Io – resonant orbital interactions between Io and Europa, Ganymede, and Jupiter cause 100 m tidal bulges that move, stretch and bend the moon. Pluto and Charon – tidally locked. Bay of Fundy – The difference between high and low tide can be 48 feet – 5 stories tall!

  34. Eclipses Eclipses occur when Earth, Moon, and Sun form a straight line

  35. Motion of the Moon Eclipses don’t occur every month because Earth’s and Moon’s orbits are not in the same plane.

  36. 0 Conditions for Eclipses (1) The moon’s orbit is inclined against the ecliptic by ~ 50. A lunar eclipse can only occur if the moon passes a node near full moon. A solar eclipse can only occur if the moon passes a node near new moon.

  37. Lunar Eclipses Earth’s shadow consists of a zone of partial shadow, the Penumbra, and a zone of full shadow, the Umbra. If the moon passes through Earth’s full shadow (Umbra), we see a lunar eclipse. If the entire surface of the moon enters the Umbra, the lunar eclipse is total.

  38. A Total Lunar Eclipse

  39. Aug 2007 Eclipse

  40. A Total Lunar Eclipse A total lunar eclipse can last up to 1 hour and 40 min. During a total eclipse, the moon has a faint, red glow, reflecting sun light scattered in Earth’s atmosphere.

  41. Lunar Eclipses: 2008-2014 Typically, 1 or 2 lunar eclipses per year.

  42. Solar Eclipses The sun appears approx. as large in the sky (same angular diameter ~ 0.50) as the moon. When the moon passes in front of the sun, the moon can cover the sun completely, causing a total solar eclipse.

  43. Solar Eclipse – China 2009

  44. Diamond Ring Effect

  45. Solar Atmosphere Revealed

  46. Moon Shadow on Earth

  47. Solar Eclipses: 2008-2017 Approximately 1 total solar eclipse per year

  48. Earth and Moon’s Orbits Are Slightly Elliptical Apogee = position furthest away from Earth Earth Perihelion = position closest to the sun Moon Perigee = position closest to Earth Sun Aphelion = position furthest away from the sun (Eccentricities greatly exaggerated!)

  49. 0 Annular Solar Eclipses The angular sizes of the moon and the sun vary, depending on their distance from Earth. When Earth is near perihelion, and the moon is near apogee, we see an annular solar eclipse. Perigee Apogee Perihelion Aphelion

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