Story Literary Elements

Story Literary Elements

Unit Vocabulary • Genres: fiction, non-fiction, drama, poetry • Stages of plot • Conflict • Flashback • Foreshadowing • Narrator • Point of View • Inferences • Characteristics • Setting • Theme • Mood • Tone

Genres • What is fiction? • Made up events and characters • What is Non-fiction? • Tells about real people, events, and places • What is poetry? • Literature in which words are chosen and arranged in a precise way to create certain sounds and meanings • What is Drama? • Characters and conflicts are developed through dialogue and actions

Fiction genres Novel Short story Science fiction Fable Myth Legend Folk tale Fairy tale Play (comedy, tragedy) Mystery Historical fiction Adventure story Fantasy Understanding Literature Narratives • In class we use • Fiction • Realistic • Fantasy • Traditional • Non-fiction • Biography • Informational • Poetry

Nonfiction Comprehension of nonfiction • Identify the author’s point of view or perspective • Identify the main idea, primary hypothesis, or primary purpose (e.g., to persuade, to inform, to analyze, or to evaluate) • Evaluate the clarity of the information • Make valid inferences or conclusions based on the selection

Nonfiction • Identify, where appropriate, an author’s appeal to reason, appeal to emotion, or appeal to authority • Evaluate the relationship between stated generalizations and actual evidence given • Evaluate organization of a selection • For informational texts, evaluate the effectiveness of their organizational and graphic aids

Trade Book Biography Autobiography Essay News article Editorial Professional journal articles Book review Political speech Technical manual Primary source material Lewis and Clark Nonfiction genres

Poetry Construction of meaning in poetry • Main idea or theme • Symbolism • Tone, emotion

Poetry Poetic elements • Verse, stanza • Meter • Line length • Punctuation

Poetry Rhyme and Sound Patterns Rhyme scheme Onomatopoeia - words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to Repetition of words Alliteration - same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words Assonance - repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

Poetry Imagery and figures of speech • Personification - Flowers danced about the lawn • Metaphor - All the world's a stage • Simile - How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life • Hyperbole - I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.

Poetic types and forms Lyrical Concrete Free verse Narrative Couplet Elegy Sonnet Limerick Haiku Poetry This is the BEST review site: English Poetry http://www.leavingcert.net/skoool/junior.asp?id=1477

Resource and research material Reference works • Dictionary • Encyclopedia • Thesaurus • Atlas • Almanac

Fiction

What is a PLOT? • A sequence of events that is fueled by a conflict within a literary text. • 1. Exposition • 2. Rising Action • 3. Climax • 4. Falling Action • 5. Resolution

The First Stage of Plot Development • Exposition • What are the 3 literature elements in an exposition? • 1. Character • 2. Setting • 3. Conflict

Stories are run by the conflict. Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society Man vs. Himself

External vs. Internal Conflict • External conflicts are: Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society Man vs. Technology Man vs. Fate • Internal conflict is: Man vs. Himself

What are these 2 types of conflicts? • External • Internal

What is the next stage of the plot? • Rising Action • What is the rising action? • Where the characters go through obstacles that make the conflict more complicated. • “The plot thickens”

What is the next stage of the plot? • The Climax • Which is the…. • Turning point of the story.

The climax is the most exciting part!! “Most intense or dramatic”

Falling after the climax… • Falling action • Which … • Reveals the outcome of the story’s climax

Finally the conflict within a plot takes us to the… • Resolution • Which is where… • The story’s final outcome and any loose ends are tied up.

Question • Does every story follow through a plot diagram from the exposition to the resolution? • No, some stories keep us hanging and don’t complete to the resolution. • Name a story like this…

Question • When a story goes through the sequence of events what is it called when a character remembers something from their past? • Flashback

Question • When a story offers information that gives hints and clues that has the reader thinking something is going to happen in the future of the story, what is this called?

foreshadowing For example, if you hear this: Then you know someone’s about to get eaten!

Who brings a Character to life? The Narrator or the Point of View the text is written in.

Narrator: First person: the person who is telling the story The narrator is a character in a work of literature. Is a main or minor character Uses the pronouns I and me to refer to himself or herself Shares his or her thoughts, feelings, and opinions of the characters and events Doesn’t know the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of other characters Cornell Notes page 162

Third-person limited Is not a character in the story but an outside observer Zooms in on the thoughts, feelings and opinions of one character

Third-person omniscient: Is not a character in the story but an outside observer. Is “All Knowing” that is he or she has access to the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of all the characters.

Step 1: Notice the pronouns the narrator uses. I ,me, and ,my ,the story is told by a first –person narrator . he, she, him, and her, the story is told by a third-person narrator Steps to determining the point of view

Step 2: Identify the narrator and the point of view Ask: Who is telling the story? FIRST PERSON: The narrator participates in the action of the story and uses pronouns, such as I, we, and us THIRD PERSON: The narrator is an outside observer and uses pronouns, such as he an she.

For the third person: Step 3: Identify third-person omniscient or third-person limited. Omniscient: The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story. Limited: The narrator know the thoughts and feelings only of one character in the story.

Practice: Think Pair Share • 1. • A. Her son in kindergarten told her about a mischievous classmate named Charles. • B. My son in kindergarten told me about a mischievous classmate named Charles. • 2. • A. When we adopted the little boy, we never dreamed we would be such a wonderful gift. • B. When Bill and Angela adopted the little boy, they never dreamed they would find him to be such a wonderful gift.

1. The brilliant detective Sherlock Homes and his humble friend, Dr. Watson, have solved many baffling mysteries together. One of their strangest cases began early one morning when a terrified young woman came to visit them. She said that her sister had been killed in her own locked room. • A. First Person B. Third-person • 2. When I inspected the room carefully, I suspected how the murder had been committed. Even though the door was locked and the windows were barred, I saw that something small and deadly could have crawled in through ventilator hole in the wall. Without sharing my ideas with Watson, I announced that we would spend the night in the room. • A. First Person B. Third-person

“Red Riding Hood”Version 1 • I skipped up to the door of my grandmother’s house in the clearing singing out, “Are you there, Grandma?” Then I heard a strange, gruff voice bark out, “Yes, my child,” “That can’t be Grandma’s voice,” I thought. Cautiously, I asked, “Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?” The voice replied, :I'm sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk in.” For a moment, I thought about running home through the woods. Then I thought, “Maybe Grandma is really sick.” I lfted the latch and the door creaked open.

Version2 • Little Red Riding Hood skipped up to the door of her grandmother’s house in the clearing signing out, “Are you there, Grandma?” Inside, the wolf licked his lips, thinking how clever he was. “Yes, my child,” he replied. Red Riding Hood, startled, thought, “That can’t be Grandma’s voice” She hesitated, then she asked, “Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?" Hiding his impatience, the wolf moaned, “I’m sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk inn.” For a moment, Red Riding Hood thought about the running home through the woods. Then she thought, “Maybe Grandma is really sick.” She lifted the latch and the door creaked open.

Version 3 • The wolf heard Little Red Riding Hood sing out, “Are you there, Grandma?” He licked his lips, thinking how clever he was. “Yes, my child,” he replied. There was a silence outside the door, then Red Riding Hood asked, “Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?” Hiding his impatience, the wolf moaned, “I’m sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk in.” Again there was a long pause. The wolf waited, wondering whether he should spring out of bed, throw open the door, and grab Red Riding Hood before she could run away. Then he saw the latch slowly lift and the door creak open. The wolf was so pleased with the success of his plan that he could barely conceal a toothy grin.

Minor Characters Character Traits Less than important character Qualities of a character such as personality

CHARACTERIZATION • The methods an author uses to reveal a character’s personality. • There are two types of characterization.

Direct Characterization The author or narrator makes direct statements about a character’s traits Indirect Characterization The author or speaker reveals a character’s personality through the character’s own words, thoughts, and actions and through the words, thoughts, and actions of other characters. Types of Characterization

Every story needs characters Animals People Or Creatures

PROTAGONIST VS. ANTAGONIST • Protagonist- The central character in a literary work around whom the main conflict revolves. The protagonist is often the person with whom the audience members or readers sympathize or identify. • Antagonist – A person or force in society or nature that causes a problem for the protagonist, or central character.

The protagonist is the “good guy” the MAIN character

The antagonist is the “bad guy” or force

Identify Character Traits • From: • 1. Direct Comments about the character’s personality by the narrator. • 2. Physical Description of a character’s appearance. • 3. Speech, Actions, or Thoughts of a character. • 4. How other characters React to the character

Types of Characters • Round character – a character the reader gets to know very well; will show varied and sometimes contradictory traits • Flat character – reveals only one personality trait to the reader • Stereotype – a character who is not developed as an individual, but as a collection of traits and mannerisms shared by a group.

Question on Traits • Despite her athletic build, sleek clothing, and racing bike, Kat never looked smooth or polished. She had dirt under her nails from fixing her bike, and always chewed a stray hair. She tended to stand knock-kneed if she ever stood in one place at all.

Story Literary Elements