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Physiology of Reproduction

Physiology of Estrous Cycle Estrus detection: significance, signs, methods of detection, timing of insemination. Physiology of Reproduction. Significance of ED. Lesser no. of repeat breeder cows Decreased no. of services per conception Decreased calving interval

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Physiology of Reproduction

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  1. Physiology of Estrous Cycle Estrus detection: significance, signs, methods of detection, timing of insemination Physiology of Reproduction

  2. Significance of ED • Lesser no. of repeat breeder cows • Decreased no. of services per conception • Decreased calving interval • Per cow/buffalo increase in the productivity and income of the farmer • Decreased culling percentage due to reproductive reasons

  3. Estrus Signs (cows & buffaloes) Primary Sign • Stands to be mounted (Standing Heat) Secondary Signs • Active (nervous, Licking other cows, Excitement • Clear Mucus discharge (best sign) • Mounting on other females (she will come in heat later) • Vulvar swelling (general sign) • Reduced feed intake (general sign) • Raised Tail head, Roughened (late sign) • Micturition, Bellowing • Milk let down reappear just after milking (“Dokey”) 1-2 (in buffaloes)

  4. Economic Significance • Calf a year • Ideal 60-90 days postpartum successful rebreeding Behavioral signs of estrus

  5. STANDING HEAT IN COWS: A SURE SIGN OF ESTRUS Note: Buffaloes do not show homosexual behavior

  6. Note: Buffaloes don’t show homosexual behavior

  7. CLEAR MUCUS DISCHARGE : A VERY GOOD SIGN OF ESTRUS

  8. SIGNS OF ESTRUS: CHANGES IN THE VULVA NO ESTRUS BEFORE ESTRUS MAIN ESTRUS AFTER ESTRUS PREGNANCY

  9. estrus Day Before Day after

  10. SIGNS OF ESTRUS: CHANGES IN THE APPEARANCE OF CERVIX NO ESTRUS PRE ESTRUS MAIN ESTRUS POST ESTRUS PREGNANCY

  11. MATURE FOLLICLE

  12. Methods of Detection Two to three times a day heat check is needed (visual method) 34% 22% Note: 66% Buffaloes show estrus activity during 6 pm to mid night • Efficient • Accurate 21% 23%

  13. Barn estrus and breeding chart

  14. Chin-ball marker • Penile deviated bulls • Vasectomized bulls • Androgenized cows

  15. Aids to estrus detection in cow Penile deviated bulls P4 milk test Uterine tone

  16. Optimum time of insemination in relation to onset of (standing) estrus (AM-PM rule) • Fertilizable life of ova about 6 -12 hrs after ovulation • Fertilizable life of sperm in female reproductive tract is 24-48 hrs

  17. 200 150 100 50 0 IMPLICATIONS FOR TIMING OF OVULATION IN RELATION TO OESTRUS BEHAVIOUR IN BUFFALOES L.H ( Roelofs et al., 2004) • Increased activity • Vulvular swelling • Frequent urination • Mucous discharge clear and thin • Mucous thicker & cloudy • Restless • Will not stand • Sniffing the vulva of another buffalo A.I A.I Fair to poor fertility Too early to breed Best time to breed Oestrus behavioral score Pre-standing oestrus (h) Standing oestrus (h) Duration after termination of standing oestrus (h) 9 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Hours in relation to onset of standing oestrus

  18. Managemental activities helpful for Better ED • Clear identification (branding/ear tagging) • Record keeping • Only one man should be made responsible for this job • He should know the primary & secondary signs of heat • Accurate timing of AI • Every heat detection aid should be accompanied with visual observation • Interval between milking and offering of fodder is ideal time for visual observation • Estrus activity chart of breeding females • Observing heat signs after AI has the same importance as before AI. Why??

  19. Favorable conditions for cows to show estrus • Free interaction of cows to show estrus behavior especially mounting activity • Adequate numbers of cows present in the grouping • Cows able to have good footing for successful mounting in respect of ground conditions • Cows should not have feet and leg problems that discourage them from mounting

  20. Mount detection aids

  21. Pedometers: Measures walking activity Thank you

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