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Physiology of Reproduction

This guide explores the physiology of the estrous cycle in cows and buffaloes, emphasizing the significance of effective estrus detection. Proper identification of estrus signs—such as standing heat, clear mucus discharge, and behavioral changes—can lead to fewer repeat breeders and better overall productivity. Methods for detection include visual monitoring, the use of heat detection aids, and optimal timing for insemination based on estrus behavior. Implementing these practices can enhance reproductive performance and increase farmer income through improved calf production.

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Physiology of Reproduction

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  1. Physiology of Estrous Cycle Estrus detection: significance, signs, methods of detection, timing of insemination Physiology of Reproduction

  2. Significance of ED • Lesser no. of repeat breeder cows • Decreased no. of services per conception • Decreased calving interval • Per cow/buffalo increase in the productivity and income of the farmer • Decreased culling percentage due to reproductive reasons

  3. Estrus Signs (cows & buffaloes) Primary Sign • Stands to be mounted (Standing Heat) Secondary Signs • Active (nervous, Licking other cows, Excitement • Clear Mucus discharge (best sign) • Mounting on other females (she will come in heat later) • Vulvar swelling (general sign) • Reduced feed intake (general sign) • Raised Tail head, Roughened (late sign) • Micturition, Bellowing • Milk let down reappear just after milking (“Dokey”) 1-2 (in buffaloes)

  4. Economic Significance • Calf a year • Ideal 60-90 days postpartum successful rebreeding Behavioral signs of estrus

  5. STANDING HEAT IN COWS: A SURE SIGN OF ESTRUS Note: Buffaloes do not show homosexual behavior

  6. Note: Buffaloes don’t show homosexual behavior

  7. CLEAR MUCUS DISCHARGE : A VERY GOOD SIGN OF ESTRUS

  8. SIGNS OF ESTRUS: CHANGES IN THE VULVA NO ESTRUS BEFORE ESTRUS MAIN ESTRUS AFTER ESTRUS PREGNANCY

  9. estrus Day Before Day after

  10. SIGNS OF ESTRUS: CHANGES IN THE APPEARANCE OF CERVIX NO ESTRUS PRE ESTRUS MAIN ESTRUS POST ESTRUS PREGNANCY

  11. MATURE FOLLICLE

  12. Methods of Detection Two to three times a day heat check is needed (visual method) 34% 22% Note: 66% Buffaloes show estrus activity during 6 pm to mid night • Efficient • Accurate 21% 23%

  13. Barn estrus and breeding chart

  14. Chin-ball marker • Penile deviated bulls • Vasectomized bulls • Androgenized cows

  15. Aids to estrus detection in cow Penile deviated bulls P4 milk test Uterine tone

  16. Optimum time of insemination in relation to onset of (standing) estrus (AM-PM rule) • Fertilizable life of ova about 6 -12 hrs after ovulation • Fertilizable life of sperm in female reproductive tract is 24-48 hrs

  17. 200 150 100 50 0 IMPLICATIONS FOR TIMING OF OVULATION IN RELATION TO OESTRUS BEHAVIOUR IN BUFFALOES L.H ( Roelofs et al., 2004) • Increased activity • Vulvular swelling • Frequent urination • Mucous discharge clear and thin • Mucous thicker & cloudy • Restless • Will not stand • Sniffing the vulva of another buffalo A.I A.I Fair to poor fertility Too early to breed Best time to breed Oestrus behavioral score Pre-standing oestrus (h) Standing oestrus (h) Duration after termination of standing oestrus (h) 9 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Hours in relation to onset of standing oestrus

  18. Managemental activities helpful for Better ED • Clear identification (branding/ear tagging) • Record keeping • Only one man should be made responsible for this job • He should know the primary & secondary signs of heat • Accurate timing of AI • Every heat detection aid should be accompanied with visual observation • Interval between milking and offering of fodder is ideal time for visual observation • Estrus activity chart of breeding females • Observing heat signs after AI has the same importance as before AI. Why??

  19. Favorable conditions for cows to show estrus • Free interaction of cows to show estrus behavior especially mounting activity • Adequate numbers of cows present in the grouping • Cows able to have good footing for successful mounting in respect of ground conditions • Cows should not have feet and leg problems that discourage them from mounting

  20. Mount detection aids

  21. Pedometers: Measures walking activity Thank you

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