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Understanding Atomic and Ionic Radius: Trends and Factors Influencing Size Differences

This article delves into the radius of an atom's ion, explaining how the distance from the nucleus to the outermost subshell is not fixed and can vary due to factors such as coordination number and spin state. The discussion includes trends in ionic radius as elements form cations and anions, the impact of effective nuclear charge, and how electron-electron repulsion influences atomic size. We explore size differences between cations and anions, emphasizing the importance of subshell changes and exceptional behaviors of noble gases.

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Understanding Atomic and Ionic Radius: Trends and Factors Influencing Size Differences

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  1. Ion Size By: Cristina, Soumik, Robert, Pawel

  2. -Radius of an atom’s ion -Distance from nucleus to outermost subshell -Not fixed (can change based on various factors such as coordination number and spin state) Define

  3. -The radius increases • More electrons • Higher energy levels • Electron-electron repulsion leads to bigger shells as energy levels increase *For elements forming multiple ions, ionic radius decreases with each electron lost • Electron-electron repulsion decreases -> stronger effective nuclear charge Trend Down a Column

  4. More protons in nucleus across period • Same number of electrons (isoelectric) • Stronger effective nuclear charge • Electrons are attracted to nucleus more “Jump” in middle of period • From elements forming cations to elements forming anions • New subshell added, so radius increased Radius decreases for metals forming cations • Due to loss of outer electron orbitals moving across the period Radius decreases for elements forming anions • Effective nuclear charge decreases because number electrons exceed number of protons Trend Across a Row

  5. Picometers (pm) or Angstroms (Å) Units

  6. Atomic size of cations is larger than ionic size of cations Atomic size of anions is smaller than ionic size of anions • Atoms lose a subshell of electrons when forming cations and become smaller • Atoms gain electrons when forming anions and experience more electron-electron repulsion, making the shell bigger Atomic Size vs. Ionic Size

  7. Noble Gases Exceptions

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