Task Five The Art of Classical Chinese Gardens

1. Task Five The Art of Classical Chinese Gardens �Keyuan Garden

2. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The Art of Classical Chinese Gardens

3. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Task Lead-in

4. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The Art of Classical Chinese Gardens

5. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The art of classical Chinese gardens is part of China�s traditional culture. Many people say that if you have never walked through a Chinese garden, you cannot say that you have really visited China.

6. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The art of Chinese gardens has a history of more than 3,000 years. Now China has about 1,000 classical gardens. Different from classical European gardens, in which geometric pattern dominates, Chinese gardens are made to resemble natural landscapes on a smaller scale. Classical Chinese gardens fall into two categories: imperial and private. The gardens in North China were mostly imperial property such as the Beihai Park, the Summer Palace in Beijing, and the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde. The gardens in the South usually belonged to high officials and wealthy merchants. Many of them spent their years of retirement there in leisure.

7. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Imperial gardens are large in area. The Summer Palace, for instance, has an area of 290 hectares while the Imperial Summer Resort, the largest imperial garden in China, covers more than 560 hectares. Most imperial gardens have three sections: the administrative section, residential section and recreational section. In large imperial gardens, the main buildings are connected by an imaginary line in the middle of the garden on a south-north axis. Other buildings scattered among hills and waters are linked by subordinate lines forming a well-designed symmetry and adding more beauty to the chief architectural complex.

8. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Most private gardens are found in the South, especially in cities south of the Changjiang River. Private gardens were mostly built at one side or at the back of residential houses. In almost every case, there is a large space in the garden set in a landscape of artistically arranged. Rockeries, ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees and flowers. Surrounding the beautiful scene are small open areas partitioned by corridors through which visitors can enjoy the scenery. Buildings in the garden are open on all sides and are often situated near the water so that the whole scene can be enjoyed.

9. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Suzhou, known as the home of gardens, displays the most and the best Chinese traditional private gardens. The great many gardens in the city are good examples of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing garden styles. The traditions of Chinese landscape gardens have their origins far back in history. Records of the Historian, written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (206 B. C - 5 A. D.), tells us that in the Shang Dynasty (16th -11th century B.C.) there were special places called �you� (enclosure) for the rulers to enjoy the beauty of nature. Often these were gigantic reserves in which all kinds of animals were kept and where the rulers enjoyed hunting.

10. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides After Emperor Qin Shihuang unified China, the Shanglin Garden was built. Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty followed the scale of the Shanglin Garden to built the Taiye Pond, in which there were three rockeries � Penglai, Fangzhang and Yingzhou. This layout of three hills standing in a pond greatly influenced the art of gardens for later generations and became one of the main methods for building classical Chinese gardens. In the Western Han Dynasty people began to build private gardens. The development of classical Chinese gardens during the 400 years of the Han Dynasty laid the foundation for the art of Chinese gardens.

11. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides In the Tang and Song dynasties, the art of Chinese gardens matured. Private gardens in the Song Dynasty also developed rapidly. The private gardens were mainly built with streams or hills or all kinds of plants and flowers or halls and pavilions.

12. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The Ming and Qing dynasties were the golden ages of garden building. The imperial garden Yuannmingyuan is regarded as the masterwork of this period. In the middle and the late Ming Dynasty, the artists summed up their experience in designing gardens by writing articles about gardens, which laid the foundation, in theory, as well as in practice, for the 500 gardens built in South China, mainly in Wuxi, Yixing, Jiading and Ningbo.

13. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides A Chinese garden is not just a park or something attached to a building. It is a world in miniature. The art of Chinese gardening is a way of reconstructing nature. This is achieved by recreating landscape. In classical Chinese gardens, the flowers, grass, trees, rocks and ponds reflect natural scenes. Halls, verandas, pavilions and bridges blend well with the natural scenery of mountains and rivers.

14. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Classical Chinese gardens were influenced by landscape painting and pastoral poetry. Horticulturists chose the most impressive natural scenery in paintings and recreated it in their gardens, the way a painter captures the natural scenery of mountains and rivers in a small picture.

15. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The creation of classical Chinese gardens depended on mountains, rivers, buildings, plants, animals and even the weather. In these gardens usually the ground is like that of a mountainous area. This kind of garden layout imitates real terrain. The hills in classical gardens provide natural surroundings for visitors. Looking at the hills, people feel as if they live in a mountainous area and enjoy the beauty and serenity of nature.

16. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides In the classical gardens that still exist today, one finds a harmonious interplay between nature and architecture. Decorative structures unite with cliffs, trees, flowers and hills to create artistic scenery. Gardens are supposed to resemble a sequence of continually changing landscapes. Paths wind through the grounds in a zigzag pattern, revealing new views of halls, trees, bridges, pavilions and hills. Even in the most confined places, architects have succeeded in creating a succession of varying landscapes. For example, when one opens a door into a small courtyard with no exit, he may find clumps of bamboo and rock and get an illusion that a view is hidden amidst them. He may also see a balustrade fixed on top of a wall and think it borders a hanging garden.

17. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The most important element of a garden is water, in any form, such as ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and waterfalls. The flowing water gives pulsating life to the garden�s cliffs, stones, trees, bushes and flowers.

18. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Trees and flowers, especially in private gardens, are carefully selected for the overall layout of the gardens because of the limited space. Plants and flowers reflecting the beauty of the four seasons are planted. In spring, peach trees blossom; in summer, lotuses blossom; in autumn, the maple leaves change color; and in winter, the evergreen, bamboos and plum trees provide greenery. Among the most popular flowers are lotuses, peonies, chrysanthemums and orchids. Special flowers are planted to attract bees or butterflies. These small insects make the gardens more lively.

19. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Among the most important structures of garden grounds are walkways, pavilions and bridges. Timber frame construction plays a decisive role here. Pavilion-like houses have neither a harsh nor domination effect, but rather blend effortlessly into their general surroundings.

20. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Above all, it is the walkways that are most noticeable in gardens. They traverse the complex, subdivide it, connect the different groups of buildings and lead the visitor to the most important points. Long corridors in the gardens are not only the passageways but also serve as resting places for people. The winding corridors are like belts linking everything together. They provide a covered veranda and function as shelter from the rain and shade from the sun.

21. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The walls of the walkways and houses feature openings and gateways in many shapes: round moon gates, oval angular, in the shape of vases and bottles, etc. They offer a view into the next courtyard, into the next scene and often look like the frame around a landscape painting. The fine latticework which can be seen in windows is attractive. Many walls wave on the top so they look like clouds. Looking at the walls, one can imagine the mountains rising and falling in the distance.

22. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Pavilions were built in especially imposing places, such as on top of a hill or on a small island in the middle of a lake. Open on all sides, they offer a good view and invite the visitor to take a short rest. Various types of bridges can be found on the grounds: flat stone slab bridges from which one can comfortably watch the fish in the water, high arched bridges and swinging bridges which subdivide and at the same time ornament the grounds.

23. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The technique of Chinese garden building has exerted a great influence on other countries. As early as in the 6th century, Chinese garden building was introduced into Japan, where gardens were given Chinese names. During the 18th century, the British developed a landscape park after the Chinese prototype. Later the enthusiasm for Chinese-style gardens spread to the European Continent. For example, twenty such scenic parks were built in Paris.

24. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides In 1980, a Chinese garden named the Astor Court (Ming Xuan) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City was built; later, a Chinese garden named Fanghua Yuan was constructed for the 1983 Munich World Garden Exhibition in the former West Germany. A miniature model of the Garden of the Master of Nets in Suzhou was produced in 1982 for a display at the Pompidou Center in Paris.

25. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Difficult Words and Expressions

26. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Difficult Words and Expressions (2)

27. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Related information (1)










37. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Lingnan Gardens

38. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Lingnan Gardens (1) The term "Lingnan Gardens" refers to the garden culture of the entire Lingnan region which includes Guangzhou, Shunde, Foshan and Zhaoqing. The region is endowed with a unique climate, and is a school of its own in terms of language, theatre, music, painting and arts and crafts. The Lingnan gardens are unique as well.

39. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Lingnan Gardens (2) The natural characters of a garden are emphasized in the Lingnan school of Chinese garden Culture. Mountains, springs, lakes and islands are put to best use in the construction of gardens that look fresh and lively and wide open and that always attract visitors with an unadorned beauty. The layout of a garden is mapped out strict according to a well-defined concept. Instead of deep courtyards and zigzagging paths, Lingnan gardens are as a rule straightforward and open for all to see.

40. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Lingnan Gardens (3) Buildings are erected at carefully chosen sites, and their designs are succinct and simple and in cheerful colors. Graceful and fluent are the words for the style of Lingnan, which are neither as splendid as northern gardens and nor as delicate and elegant as gardens in the lower Yangtze valley.

41. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Lingnan Gardens (4) The Lingnan garden style is represented by the four framed Qing-dynasty gardens in Guangdong - the Yuying Mountain House in Fanyu of Guangzhou, the Keyuan Garden in Dongguan, the Liangyuan Garden in Foshan, and the Qinghuiyuan Garden in Shunde. In addition, the Chengs' Ancestral Temple figures prominently as a typical ancient mansion-type garden.

42. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Difficult Words and Expressions

43. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Related information

44. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides A simulated practice for tour guide

45. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Keyuan Garden

46. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (1) Keyuan Garden is one of the four famous gardens of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in Guangdong Province. Lying in the west of Dongguan, it occupies an area of 2,200 square meters (0.54 acres) in a triangular-shape. It was built with blue bricks in 1850 by Zhang Jingxiu, a deposed military officer. Since 2001, the garden is under state protection as a national cultural treasure.

47. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Keyuan Garden means 'a garden not too bad for visiting' in Chinese. Its creator was somewhat on the modest side. In fact, the garden is a splendid architectural work. It is a multifunctional garden which joins the living room, villa, yard, garden and study together skillfully in a limited area. Built in the classical garden style, it has dozens of traditional buildings, including pavilions, pools and bridges and most of the buildings are named with the word Ke (means 'not too bad' in Chinese), such as Kezhou Pool and Ketang Hall. Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (2)

48. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides The garden can be generally divided into four parts: three building groups and a yard. The southeast building group is the place for welcoming the guests; the west building group with many pavilions is the place for feasting and viewing; and the north building group is the place prepared for the owner to reside, paint, parade and recite poetry. While in the middle, there is a big courtyard circled by these three groups. The yard consists of southwest and northeast areas. The visitors can see some scenic spots there, such as the Orchid Platform, the Bend Pool. Around the yard, there is a long corridor named Huanbi Corridor which connects the three building groups together closely. Walking along the corridor, the visitors will encounter all the beautiful scenes of the garden. Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (3)

49. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (4) Like other gardens in southern China, the buildings, the flowers, the hills and the lakes in Keyuan blend with the surroundings harmoniously. Visitors will be satisfied with the perfect scenery wherever they stand. When walking into this garden, they will find that the garden is in a complex arrangement. The paths extend in all directions. There are 130 doorways and 108 gateposts opening onto pavilions and kiosks. It is like a big maze. If the visitors are not careful enough, they will lose themselves in the picturesque garden.

50. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Except for its exquisite architectural style and enjoyable scenery, Keyuan is known for its important role in the modern history of Chinese painting and calligraphy. Although Zhang Jingxuan was a military officer, he mastered painting, calligraphy, chess as well as poetry. As he quit working, he invited two famous painters, Juchao and Julian , to paint in Keyuan all year round. Their painting laid a foundation for Lingnan School (an important painting school in China's painting history which claims that the traditional painting should absorb the soul of western culture to improve its connotation to a modern and popular aspect.).

51. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Difficult Words

52. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Notes






58. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides

59. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Liangyuan Garden

60. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides A simulated practice for tour guide

61. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Simulated Practice for tour guides

62. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Oral PracticeI. Answer the following questions. Try to say as much as you can. Questions on text A 1. Where are the most important examples of Chinese landscape garden located? Answers:wyx65wy

63. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Oral Practice 3. How do China�s imperial gardens differ from private gardens? Answers:wyx65wy

64. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Oral Practice 5. How is a Chinese garden influenced by landscape paintings and pastoral poetry? Give examples to show this. Answers:wyx65wy

65. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Oral Practice 7. Please explain the evolution of Chinese gardens. Answers:wyx65wy

66. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation 1? ??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????,????????????

67. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides 2???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????,????????????????,??????,??????????,???????????? Interpretation

68. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation 3????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????,?????728?????????????????41?????????37????????????1764?,1860????????,??????????500??????1888????

69. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation

70. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation 5? ???????????,???????????,??1818??????????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????

71. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation Yuyuan Garden is in the northeast of the Old Town of Shanghai. A high official had it designed in the Suzhou style as a private garden and built form 1559-1577. Later, it was restored several times. In spite of its relatively small area of two hectares, it seems considerably larger due to the skillful arrangement of 30 different landscape scenes.

72. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation The garden consists of an inner and an outer section. The inner garden, Neiyuan, is in the southern part and substantially smaller than the outer one; but then, it is also more impressive and romantic, if it is possible to visit it in the early morning hours in order to enjoy it alone.

73. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation The outer part is in the north and contains numerous halls, pavilions and lakes. In 1853, the Pavilion of Spring in the northeast was the seat of the Xiao-dao Hui, the Society of Little Swords, who led an uprising against Qing rule and occupied Shanghai for 17 months.

74. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Interpretation A man-made, 11-meter-high hill bounds the garden in the northwest. Huxin Ting teahouse is a favorite with the citizens of Shanghai. It is in the southwest, outside the garden grounds, a two-story building resting on posts in the middle of a pond and connected to the shore by a �Zigzag Bridge.�


76. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Qinghuiyuan Garden



79. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Related Materials

80. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Sum-up

Task Five The Art of Classical Chinese Gardens

Task Five The Art of Classical Chinese Gardens

Presentation Transcript

The Art of Chinese Calligraphy

CHINESE ART

Chinese Classical Music

Five Chinese Brothers

Chinese Gardens

Classical Chinese Civilization

Chinese Art

The Art Of Chinese NOODLE Making

Chinese Art

The Five Parts of a Classical Argument

The Five Chinese Brothers

The Classical Chinese Garden

Classical Art

CLASSICAL ART

Chinese Art

Classical Chinese Poetry

Classical Chinese Philosophies

The Five Elements of Chinese Astrology

CHINESE ART

Classical Chinese Gardens: Landscapes for Self-Cultivation