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The structure of an ecosystem .

The structure of an ecosystem . What is the biosphere and the ecosphere ?. Biosphere - Ecosphere. Biosphere : is the life zone of the Earth . It incluides all living things and organic matter . Biosphere is the living component or the ecosphere .

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The structure of an ecosystem .

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  1. Thestructure of anecosystem. Whatisthebiosphere and theecosphere?

  2. Biosphere - Ecosphere • Biosphere: isthelifezone of theEarth. Itincluidesall living things and organicmatter. • Biosphereisthe living componentortheecosphere. • Ecosphereincluidesthelarge-scaleecosystems of thewoorld. • ECOSYSTEMreferstotheorganismswhichlive in a particular area, therelationshipsbetweenthem and thephisycalenvironment.

  3. Biomes - ecosystems • Biomes are thelarge-scaleecosystems of theworld. • Anecosystem can be as small as a puddleor as large as anocean.

  4. Components • Ecosystemshavetwocomponents: • Biocenosis: the set of llivingbeings in theecosystem: animals, plants, fungi, and alltypes of microorganisms. Bioticfactorsare theeffectswhichotherorganismhaveon a living being in itsenvironment.

  5. Ecosystem: biocenosis + biotope

  6. Components 2.- Biotope: istheinorganicpart of theecosystem, thephysicalenvironment. Abioticfactorsare thephysical and chemicalelements in anecosystemwhichaffect living organisms. Itincluides: temperature, humidity, soil, energy, pollution…

  7. How do living thingsobtainfood? • Living organisms can beclasyfiedaccordingtothewaytheyobtainfood. It determines theirtrophiclevel, thatistheir place in a foodchain.

  8. Producers: • They are the living beingswhichmaketheirownorganicmatterfromcarbondioxide, water and mineral salts(inorganicmatter).They use theenergy of theSunduringphotosynthesis. • Thisisautotrophicnutrition. • Plants, algae and some bacteria.

  9. Producers

  10. Consumers: • They are living beingsthatcannot produce theirownorganicmatter. Theyfeedonorganicmatterproducedbyother living beings. • Thisisheterotrophicnutrition. • Primaryconsumers: Feedonproducers: Herbivores. • Secondaryconsumers: carnivores • Tertiaryconsumers: feedonprimary and secondaryconsumers and producers.Omnivores • Decomposers: Theydecomposeorganicmatterintoinorganicmatter.

  11. Consumers

  12. Consumers

  13. Consumers

  14. Habitat and niche • Habitatisthephysical place where a specieslives. • Anecologicalnicheistheway a species relates tothebiotic and abioticfactors in anecosystem. • Giraffes and zebraslive in thesamehabitat, buttheyoccupydifferentecologicalniches.

  15. Habitat and niche

  16. Trophicdynamics • Isthesystemwhich describes the position of a living being in a foodchain. Itisthesystemthatexplainwhatanorganismeatsoriseatenby. • Itisrepresentedby a food web.

  17. Food web:

  18. Food web

  19. Energy and matter in anecosystem • Matterisalwaysrecycled. Frominorganicmattertoorganicmatter (plants) and fromorganicmattertoinorganicmatter (decomposers). • Butenergycan’tberecycled. Energyflowsfromonestep of thefoodchaintoanother, butmost of itislost as heat. • Matterisa closedcycle. • Energy has a one-wayflow.

  20. Trophicpyramids: • Itis a graphicrepresentationor a particular characteristic at eachtrophiclevel. • Types: • Numberpyramid. Itrepresentsthenumber of individuals at eachtrophiclevel. • Biomasspyramid: theamount of organicmatterwhichforms a trophiclevel. • Energypyramid: itrepresentstheenergystored at eachtrophiclevel at a certain time.

  21. Bioticrelations: • Theinteractionsamongthe living beings in anenvironment. • There are twotypes: • Interspecific • Intraspecific

  22. Interspecific: Interactionsamongorganisms of differentspecies. • Mutualism. Twoorganismsfor mutual benefit. (Bees and flowers) • Commensalism: Onebenefits and theotherisnotaffected. (Beetles and mammalexcrements) • Inquilinism: Oneorganism uses otherforhousing (crabs and shells) • Parasitism: A parasite lives at the expense of a host and harmsit. (Cochinealsonplants) • Depredation: A predatorkills and eats a prey.

  23. Mutualism

  24. Commensalism

  25. Inquilinism

  26. Parasitism

  27. Depredation

  28. Intraspecificrelations • Interactionsamongorganisms of thesamespecies. • Gregarious: Groups of individualsthatlivetogetherforsome time toprovid mutual help. (migratingbirds) • Colonial: Relatedindividualslivetogether. Coral • Social: Groups of individualsorganized in a hierarchy. (Ants) • Familial: Groups of relatedindividualswhichlivetogethertoprocreate and protecttheyoung.

  29. Gregarious

  30. Colonial

  31. Social

  32. Familial

  33. Examples of abioticfactors: • Temperature • Light • Humidity • Pressure • Salinity • Oxygen • Water • Soil • Climatezones • Levels of plants in a forest Orlevels at the sea Itdependsontheproximitytothe sea Important in aquaticecosystems Important in terrestrial eco.

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