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AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921-1945

AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921-1945. America: Past and Present Chapter 27. Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry. 1920s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment U.S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace. Retreat in Europe.

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AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921-1945

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  1. AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921-1945 America: Past and Present Chapter 27

  2. Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry • 1920s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment • U.S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

  3. Retreat in Europe • 1928--Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war but binds no action to preserve peace • U.S. refuses recognition of Soviet Union • U.S. quarrels with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans

  4. Cooperation in Latin America • Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion • FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounces past imperialism • U.S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

  5. Rivalry in Asia • 1920--Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria • U.S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China

  6. Rivalry in Asia:Washington Conference of 1921 • England agrees to U.S. naval equality • Japan accepted as third largest naval power • All nations agree to limit naval construction • Nine-Power Treaty--Open Door Policy reaffirmed • Four-Power Treaty--establishes alliance among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France

  7. Isolationism • Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs • Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war • Germany • Italy • Japan

  8. The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality • Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war • 1935--Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation • U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited • U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited • 1937--Japan invades China • FDR permits sale of arms to China

  9. War in Europe • FDR approves appeasement of Hitler • 1938--Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia • FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France • January, 1939--FDR attacks neutrality acts • September 1939--W.W.II begins, Roosevelt declares the acts in force

  10. The Road to War • U.S. remains at peace 1939-1941 • Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan • Roosevelt openly expresses favor for Allies, moves cautiously to avoid isolationist outcry

  11. From Neutrality to Undeclared War • 1939-41--FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war • November, 1939--belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis • 1940--German occupation of France

  12. From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England • U.S. gives or loans war supplies • U.S. ships transport war supplies • Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization

  13. Showdown in the Pacific • 1937--Japanese occupation of coastal China • U.S. limits exports to Japan of strategic materials • 1940--Japan allies with Germany, Italy • Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts U.S. to end all trade

  14. Showdown in the Pacific:Pearl Harbor • 1941--U.S.-Japanese negotiations • Japan’s demands • Free hand in China • Restoration of normal trade relations • U.S. demands Japanese troops out of China • December 7, 1941--Pearl Harbor attacked • December 8--War declared

  15. Turning the Tide Against the Axis • December, 1941--Axis on the offensive • 1942-43--U.S., England, Russia fight to seize the initiative • 1944-45--offensive to crush Axis

  16. Wartime Partnerships • U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill • Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance • Soviet Union often feels alone in conflict • Wartime tensions persist after victory

  17. Halting the German Blitz • November 1942--U.S. invades North Africa • May 1943--U.S., England invade Italy • Mussolini falls from power • Slow advance up the Italian peninsula • Summer, 1943--Battle of Stalingrad • Russia defeats Germans • Begins advance into eastern Europe

  18. Checking Japan in the Pacific • Two-pronged drive against Japan • Douglas MacArthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines • Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines • June, 1942--victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

  19. The Home Front • War ends depression • Economy geared for military output • Scarce goods rationed • Income of lowest-paid laborers increases faster than the rich • High savings rate lays basis for postwar prosperity

  20. A Nation on the Move • Wartime migration South and West • Early marriages, increased birth rates • Family-related social problems • Housing shortages • More divorces • Neglected children

  21. A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions • Women’s income increases 50% • African-Americans • Equal opportunities in war-related industry • Surging migration from the rural South • Mexican-Americans take urban factory jobs

  22. A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment • 120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps • 1944--Supreme Court rejects appeal for release • 1988--Congress votes indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

  23. Win-the-War Politics • 1942--Republican-Southern Democrat coalition controls Congress • November, 1944--Truman attracts moderates, FDR wins fourth term • February, 1945--Yalta Conference • April 12, 1945--FDR dies

  24. Victory • June 6, 1944--Normandy Invasion • April 25, 1945--U.S., Russian forces meet at Torgau • May 7, 1945--unconditional German surrender

  25. War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy • Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany • U.S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations • Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U.S., Soviet differences

  26. Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific • June 21, 1945--U.S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific • May-August--intense air attacks on Japan • August 6--atom bomb destroys Hiroshima • August 9--atom bomb destroys Nagasaki • August 14--Japan surrenders

  27. The U.S. at War’s End • U.S. the most powerful nation on earth • Unprecedented economic prosperity • Federal government a permanent force in daily life

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