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Evolution of Vocal Music in the 17th and 18th Centuries

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Explore the transition from the sacred polyphony of Palestrina to the opera seria of Handel, including key composers, styles, and innovations in vocal music during this period.

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Evolution of Vocal Music in the 17th and 18th Centuries

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  1. Chapter Eight Vocal Music, 1600-1650

  2. Sacred Music (early 17th C) • Prima prattica (old)- Palestrina & Zarlino- remains in use • Seconda prattica (new)- Monteverdi, et al. • Vespro della Beata Vergine (1610) • Mixed settings of sacred texts • Giovanni Gabrieli (1554-1612), organist • St. Mark’s (San Marco) • “In Ecclesiis” (1590s?) • Polychoral settings- multiple groups- physically separated • Canzon Primi Toni (1612) • Sonata pian e forte

  3. San Marco (Venice) - interior

  4. Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672) • German student ofG. Gabrieli (1609-1612) • Kapellmeister in Dresden(1617-1672) • Chiefly Sacred music in Latin & German • Singet dem Herren ein neues Lied (Anth I/79) • Saul, was verfolgst du mich? (Anth I/80)

  5. Chapter Nine Vocal Music, 1650-1750

  6. Opera in France • Controlled by King • Emphasis on dance • Tragédie en musique- Philippe Quinault (poet)- J.-B. Lully (composer) • Anth I/81 – Armide (1686) • Overture (the King’s “24”)- “overdotting” • Act II/ sc. 5 (Renaud asleep, Armide approaches) Jean-Baptiste Lullyby Paul Mignard (1639-91)

  7. Opera seria • (Just what it says) “Serious Opera”- Tragic content • Plots often based on Classical Antiquity • vs. opera buffa (“comic opera”) [later] • Italy (and beyond) 1680s to late 1700s- most opera seria sung in Italian • Action (Recitative) – Reflection (Aria) • Development of standard poetic forms • Pietro Metastasio (1698-1782) & others- librettist whose text were set over 700 times

  8. Da Capo Aria • Two parts (A – B)- contrasting emotions- “Ma” (…“but”…) • Performed w/ da Capo= A – B – A’ • Ornamented return • Cadenza • Instrumental ritornello • G. F. Handel (1685-1757) • Giulio Cesare in Egitto- London (1724) • Act I, Scene 5 (Anth I/82)- Recitative (action)“Regni Cleopatra…” - Aria (reflection)“Non disperar…” - Kathleen Battle (w/ ornamented da capo)

  9. Castrato • Male soprano (contralto) • Surgically altered before puberty (!) • Heroic leads in opera seria • 18th C “rock stars” • Farinelli, Senesino, et al. • “L’empio sleale, indegno”- Giulio Cesare, Act I, sc. 6- Derek Ragin, countertenor • BBC Documentary: Castrato (6 parts) “Senesino”(Francesco Bernardi, 1686-1758)Cesar in Handel’s Giulio Cesare

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