Chemistry Review

Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2

‘chemistry’ in LIFE • A-lkaline, alkaline earth, atoms, atomic number, atomic mass • B-oron, basic, bonds, BOHR • C-ombine, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, chart, covalent bonds, compounds • D-ioxide, ‘di’atomic, • E-lectrons, electron cloud, elements • F-lorine, flora carbons, family • G-roup, gold • H-ydrogen, hydrogen bonds • I-ons, ionic bond, ISOTOPE • J- • K-Potassium • L-itium • M-etals, magnesium, mercury, Mendeleev, molecule, metalloids • N-eutrons, negative, nucleus, noble gases, neutral, non-metals • O-xygen, oxide, oxygen group, oxidation, • P-eriodic table, protrons, positive, period • Q- • R-ow, radio active, Rutherford, • S-odium, silicone, ‘shell’, symbol • T-itanium, transition metals • U-ranium • V-alence • W- • X-enon • Y- • Z-inc, zigzag

Keystone AnChORS • BIO.A.2.1.1 Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth • (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion).

Vocabulary • Electron • Specific heat • Acid • Base • Solute • Solvent • molecule • Atom • Ionic • Covalent • Cohesion • Adhesion • Proton • Neutron

Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules--Objectives • Living things consist of atoms of different elements • Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons • Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds

Type I List as many ‘points’ that pop into your head when you see this table. DO NOT LIST INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OR SPECIFIC NUMBERS.

The atom • The is the smallest basic unit of matter • Atoms are teeny tiny atom

The atom • There are three parts of a an atom proton neutron electron

Elements element atom • An is one particular type of , and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means • Gold • Aluminum • Helium

Key Elements • In biology, there are SIX very important elements • ________ • Hydrogen • _________ • Phosphorus • Sulfur • ________ carbon CHOPSN oxygen nitrogen

How are elements different • The number of protons determines the of an element • Carbon: 6 protons • Oxygen: 8 protons • The number of determines the property of an element • Carbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDE • Oxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE identity electrons

Lonely Atoms • Atoms rarely are found alone in nature • They will do ANYTHING to get to electrons on the outside • Steal • Dump • Share 8

Compounds • A compound is a substance made of atoms of different bonded together • Result of sharing, stealing, or dumping electrons • Atoms bonded in a specific ratio elements

Carbon Compounds bonds • Carbon can form many various __________ to form • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Lipids Crash Course - Carbon

Ionic Bond Ionic bonds • __________________ are formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions • Opposites attract! • Ex: Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl) • Positive sodium (Na+) • Negative chloride (Cl-)

Ions • Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more . • Results in a change in electrical charge • Gain e- becomes ________________ • Lose e- becomes ________________ electrons negative positive

Covalent Bond • Not all atoms easily gain or lose their electrons! • Some atoms ___________ their electrons instead! • _____________ Bond: forms when atoms share a pair of electrons • Usually a very strong bond • Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share several electrons share Covalent

Covalent Bond, cont. • Molecule: two or more atoms held together by bonds • Ex: carbon dioxide (CO2) • Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two • Carbon shares with 2 oxygen! covalent

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

SECTION 2.1 REVIEW • What distinguishes one element from another? • 2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound. • 3. What is the difference between and ionic bond and a covalent bond? • 4. How does a molecule differ from an atom?

Section 2.2 Properties of Water--Objectives • Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water. • Many compounds dissolve in water. • Some compounds form acids or bases. Crash Course - Water

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER CELLS • Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________), • are made up of mostly ____________________ • The water in cells gives the cell _______________ • and ___________________ materials within • organisms. • All of the processes necessary for an • organism’s life take place within the • ______________________________ of the cell WATER STRUCTURE TRANSPORTS WATERY ENVIRONMENT

PROPERTIES RELATED TO HYDROGEN BONDS • ______________________ • 2. ______________________ • 3. ______________________ • HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT • 2. COHESION • 3. ADHESION

Negative Charge HYDROGEN BONDS O POLAR • Water is a “______________” molecule • Form when atoms in a molecule have ____________ pulls on the _____________ they share. • Opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form ____________________ bonds. • An attraction between a slightly _______________ hydrogen atom and a slightly ______________ atom. • (Usually _______________________________) • Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of _______________ and of ______________ UNEQUAL H H ELECTRONS Positive Charge Positive Charge HYDROGEN Ted - water Shared Electrons POSITIVE NEGATIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN PROTEINS DNA

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT • Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________. • Water __________________ changes in temperature because it must _____________ more ____________________ to increase in temperature. RESISTS Absorb heat energy

COHESION Cohesion: the attraction among __________________ of the same substance. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules _____________________. Cohesion produces __________________, ( “skin on water” ) MOLECULES STICK TOGETHER SURFACE TENSION

ADHESION Adhesion: the attraction among __________________ of ______________ substances. For example, water molecules stick to other things. Water in a test tube, (water is attracted to the ____________) MOLECULES DIFFERENT ? GLASS

TYPE I • Describe the 3 unique properties of water and how they support life on Earth.

Materials such as ________________ and ____________ cannot be transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids. ______________: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout. ___________: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance. ___________: Substance that dissolves in a solvent. MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER SUGARS OXYGEN SOLUTION SOLVENT SOLUTE

ACIDS AND BASES Some compounds form ______________ or _____________ because they _______________ into _______________ when they dissolve in ___________. BASE: Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution ACIDS BASES BREAK UP IONS WATER ACID: Compounds that release a proton - a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water

TYPE I • Draw 2 molecules of water. Show charges and hydrogen bond. In your drawing, demonstrate why one side is positive and the other is negative.

SECTION 2.2 REVIEW • How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds? • 2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water? • 3. Compare acids and bases. • 4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions? • 5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that youmight observe during your daily life.

How do we get to “macro” in macromolecules? A detailed look at the process of polymerization

Keystone AnChORS • BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. BIO.A.2.2.2 Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms • BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. • BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function

Vocabulary • ATP • Carbohydrates • Catalyst • Dehydration synthesis • Hydrolysis • lipid • Monomer • Nucleic acid • Polymer • Polymerization • Product • Protein • Reactant

Vocabulary • Monomer- one molecule • Nucleic acid- genetic information • Polymer- many molecules, (macromolecules) • Polymerization- process of taking monomers and making polymers • Product- outcome/result of a chemical reaction • Protein- polymer made up of amino acids • Reactant- parts involved in a chemical reaction • ATP- ENERGY molecule needed by body cells • Carbohydrates-molecules made up carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hydrates) • Catalyst-start chemical reactions and lowers the amount of energy needed to initiate reaction • Dehydration synthesis- putting something together by removing water • Hydrolysis- pulling something apart by adding water • Lipid- fattymolecule

Polymerization polymers • Building large molecules (_________) from smaller ones (__________) monomers • Several step process

POLYMER OR MONOMER • Polymer or Monomer?

Step 1: Get two monomers glucose Both are _____________

Step 2: Bring them _____ together

Step 3: Add an enzyme enzyme

Step 3 enzyme • This __________ carries out a reaction between the two monomers Dehydrationsynthesis • ___________ ___________: Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______ • AKA: condensation reaction water

Step 4: Bye Water! H2O ________

Step 5: A Dimer! two REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!

Step 6: Lather, Rinse, Repeat • The enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration synthesis reactions until a macro ___________ is created • EX: ______________ molecule starch Each one of these monomers is ___________ glucose

Is this reversible? You better believe it!

Reversing Polymerization hydrolysis • Process called ____________. hydro • “ __________” means water • “ __________” means to split or loosen lysis adding • This enzyme works by _________ water to a polymer General process name: depolymerization turning polymers back into monomers

Bring in the Water! ENZYME H2O

And they are split apart! monomers What was previous a dimer is now two ______________ again

Objectives • Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

Chemistry Review