1 / 30

Development: Basic Models

Development: Basic Models. Basic issue: heritability (nature-nurture interactions) --no development: small adults! --progressive differentiation --instinct (maturation alone --> devel.) --readiness (maturation is a pre-req for learning)

harley
Télécharger la présentation

Development: Basic Models

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Development: Basic Models • Basic issue: heritability (nature-nurture interactions) • --no development: small adults! • --progressive differentiation • --instinct (maturation alone --> devel.) • --readiness (maturation is a pre-req for learning) • --critical period (maturation is a pre-req but opportunity disappears) • --stages and waves

  2. Development:Why study? • Child is father to the man • Analysis of complex system • Heredity --environment issues • Heritability = Vg/Vt (variance) • Why difficult? --right experiment • Role of culture & socialization: Rosseau/Victor of Aveyron

  3. Language • The Premise of this lecture is that Language is what distinguishes humans from animals. All of us have it, none of them do. Is this just species-centrism, or is it accurate? In order to answer that question, we need to look at what language is.

  4. Animal Signaling systems • Animal signaling systems. White tailed deer, Monkeys, Bees etc. Characteristics of signal system: invariant-fixed mapping, unstructured, uncreative, unproductive....

  5. Behavioral View of Language • Language as sets of words: Simple behavior, responses to stimuli. Not so.Skinner: (de)mands & (con)tacts. control via echo, text, intraverbal or autoclitics (descriptive or functional--frames "the x's car". Chomsky's scathing attack led to alternative view

  6. Language Can be Described as Complex Heirarchy of Rules Start with phonology: Phoneme (40 out of 200 sounds) Made up of distinctive features (8) ex. -place (7) [bl, ld, d, a, p, v g] -manner (6) of artic. stop, fric, affric, nas, lat, semivowel example: /p/ /t/ /k/:: /b/ /d/ /g/ + VOT experiment 20msec

  7. Word/Morpheme Level (Meaning) • 50,000 Morphemes • 200,000 Words • You can say a lot….but still limited

  8. Syntactic Level • Rules of ordering/inflection convey meaning. (“Dog bites cat” and “Cat bites dog” mean different things while using same words! • Language as “packaging” job is to convey underlying propositions

  9. Pragmatic Level • Language in social use within a community • It’s all automatic and mostly effortless despite its complexity • Enormous complexity and rapid online processing!

  10. Hockett’s Defining Characteristics • displacement: bees do it vy limited (flagpole ex). • productivity: say anything "palimony" bees cant' do flagpole-no vert • creativity: (cont. of above?) (not one of Hockett's) • interchangeability: any speaker can understand any message • discreteness: small separable units of sound • duality of patterning: small set of building blocks-->infinite words • traditional transmission: knowledge passed on • arbitrariness: no natural relationship necessary between word & ref. • semanticity: (cont. of above) ie. arbitrary assignment of word--ref. • vocal=auditory channel, specialization: unimp.K. broadcast xmission, direct. reception, rapid fading, total feedback

  11. Animals Learning Human Lang. • Porpoises/whales/ • chimps/gorillas • parrots!

  12. Language/thought/impact • Whorf/Sapir hypothesis • Roesh and the Dani (BW-R-GYB-BR-PPOG-L) • Why is language so important? --Cultural cumulation (and not oysters on rocks or termites on sticks!) • Schactel

  13. Language Development • Taught? -not an easy issue • Course of development-- • infant conversations • babbling (back to front, front to back) • one word • two word • Then syntax, and off and running • vocab. learning plus nuances (5000+ by age 5)

  14. Arguments for Innateness • semi-dedicated brain tissue (Broca's, Wernicke's) • critical period • early start and early development + difficulty of task (complexity of rules, 5000+ words by age 5 + semi-complete set of rules • overgeneralization: not mimicry • syntactic uniqueness (numerous issues) (many instances: wild chn. animals, no-input lang. etc.) • poor teaching and poor examples (parsing problem)

  15. Thought Leads Language! • Holophrastic speech • Telegraphic speech • “Bye bye cat” ex. • Kid’s translations of adult speech

More Related