The Cold War Begins

1. The Cold War Begins • “Russia knows what she wants. World Domination!...Let’s keep our boots polished, bayonets sharpened, and present a picture of force and strength to the Russians. This is the only language that they understand and respect. If we fail to do this, then I would like to say that we have had a victory over the Germans and have disarmed them, but we have lost the war” • General George S. Patton, October 1945

2. Rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union Origins- economic, political, philosophical differences between the two nations US-Democratic gov’t, individual freedom Soviets-Communist theory, state run economy, suppression of religion Soviet expansion Many felt Stalin was taking over where Hitler left off Poland, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania now became communist gov’t. Know as Satellite Nations US Reaction-Containment The Roots of the Cold War

3. Containment around the world • Truman Doctrine “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation (conquest) by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” • Marshall Plan-Americans feared economic problems would make Western Europe more vulnerable to communist influence • Supplied billions to build factories, increase agricultural production, and restore bridges and roads. Many believed this would strengthen European economy eventually to buy American products

4. The Berlin Airlift West German Govt. – U.S., Britain, France East German Govt. – Soviet Union NATO US shifted from economic recovery to military security April 1949-nine Western European nations formed a military alliance Under NATO treaty, each member pledged to defend the others Soviet response: Formed its own military alliance in Eastern Europe called the Warsaw Pact Crisis in BerlinNATO

5. The Cold War turns Hot • Korean War Begins • Japan rules Korea 1910-1945 • In 1945: Soviets occupied North/U.S. occupied South • Communist north-led by Kim Il Sung • South Korea-President Syngman Rhee • JUNE 25, 1950—North Korea invaded South Korea • Truman explained • “I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall, Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores.”

6. Truman ordered U.S. forces into action under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur Outgunned/Outmanned the US & S. Korean forces fell back. By Sept., the N. Koreans overran nearly all of S. Korea Sept. 15, 1950-MacArthur launched a powerful counterattack Coming ashore in Inch’on, MacArthur swept inland and recaptured Seoul (S. Korea’s capitol) A well-equipped UN army attacked from the South N. Koreans surrendered by the thousands

7. Late Nov, China entered the war on the N. Korean side The U.S. imperialists have adopted a hostile attitude towards us…while paying lip service to nonaggression and nonintervention. From the information we got, they wanted to calm China first and after occupying North Korea, they will come to attack China.” Jou En-lai, Chinese foreign minister After desperate fighting and heavy losses, MacArthurs troops finally established a defensive line near the 38th parallel. Tides Turned

8. Ending the Korean War • Truman vs. MacArthur • MacArthur wanted to mainland China • Truman strongly opposed this • MacArthur appealed to Republican leaders • He delivered an ultimatum to the enemy • Truman removed MacArthur from his post April 1951 • War turned into a stalemate • Truman decides not to run for re-election • Eisenhower stepped up raids on N. Korea • July 27, 1953 negotiators agreed to an armistice • Korea-divided into 2 nations at the 38th parallel • 54,000 dead and 103,000 wounded Americans • 1.5 million Koreans and Chinese died