Introductory Clinical Pharmacology Chapter 16 Antiparasitic Drugs

1. Introductory Clinical PharmacologyChapter 16Antiparasitic Drugs

2. Types of Parasitic Infections • Helminths • Ringworms, pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms • Protozoal/Malarial • Protozoal: Giardia • Malarial: Malaria • Amebial • Amebas: intestinal / extraintestinal (ex. Liver)

3. Anthelmintic Drugs: Actions and Uses • Albendazole: Interferes with synthesis resulting in death of larva; used to treat larval forms of pork tapeworm; liver, lung, and peritoneum disease caused by dog tapeworm • Mebendazole: Blocks glucose uptake by helminth; used to treat whipworm, pinworm, roundworm, American hookworm, and common hookworm • Pyrantel: Ability to paralyze helminth; used to treat roundworm, pinworm • Thiabendazole: Interrupts the life cycle of the helminth; used to treat threadworm

4. Anthelmintic Drugs: Adverse Reactions • Generalized adverse reactions • Drowsiness; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain and cramps; diarrhea • Serious adverse effects • Rash

5. Antiprotozoal Drugs: Actions and Uses • Actions • Interfere with life cycle of the plasmodium (the pathogen that is transferred from human to human by mosquitoes) • Prevents development of plasmodium • Prevents the mosquito from ingesting the plasmodium • Used for the treatment of malaria

6. Examples of Malaria Medications • cloroquine (Aralen) • doxycycline (Vibramycin) • mefloquine (Lariam) - Prevention & Treatment

7. Antiprotozoal Drugs: Adverse Reactions • Gastrointestinal reactions • Vomiting; anorexia; abdominal cramping; diarrhea; and nausea • Other body system reactions • Headache; dizziness; visual disturbances; hypotension; photosensitivity; cinchonism

8. Amebicides: Uses • Metronidazole (Flagyl) used to treat: • Intestinal amebiasis • Chloroquine hydrochloride • Treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis

9. Amebicides: Adverse Reactions • Gastrointestinal adverse effects • Nausea; diarrhea; vomiting; abdominal cramps; anoxeria

10. Anthelmintic Drugs –Nursing Process: Assessment • Preadministration assessment • Diagnosis of helminth infection – examination of stool; weigh patient to determine drug dosage • Ongoing assessment • Save and transport all stools passed after intake of drug to laboratory • Acutely ill – monitor vital signs; record fluid intake/output every 4 hours • Observe patient for adverse reactions

11. Anthelmintic Drugs – Nursing Process: Implementation • Educating patient and family members • Instruction about taking the drugs as well as the household precautions to be followed until helminth is eliminated; avoid contact w/ infected stool

12. Antiprotozoal Drugs – Nursing Process: Assessment • Preadministration assessment • Identify and record vital signs and summary of nature and duration of symptoms; perform laboratory test; evaluate the patient’s physical status • Ongoing assessment • Monitor vital signs; observe client for symptoms of malaria; record and report health status to primary health care provider; measure and record fluid intake and output

13. Ambecides –Nursing Process: Assessment • Preadministration assessment • Examine stool; investigate travel history; record patient’s vital signs and weight; evaluate general physical status • Ongoing assessment • Measure fluid intake and output; observe for signs of dehydration; monitor client’s vital signs every 4 hours

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