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The Age of Napoleon

The Age of Napoleon. Napoleon’s Rise to Power. Born in 1769 as Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica At the age of nine, placed in Military School By 16 at become an artillery officer By 1795 was the Savior of French Republic Defeated royalist rebels attacking National Convention

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The Age of Napoleon

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  1. The Age of Napoleon

  2. Napoleon’s Rise to Power • Born in 1769 as Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica • At the age of nine, placed in Military School • By 16 at become an artillery officer • By 1795 was the Savior of French Republic • Defeated royalist rebels attacking National Convention • Appointed to lead an army against enemies • Wins against Italy help gain popularity • By 1799 Seized power with the use of troops (coup d’ etat) • Defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him

  3. Napoleon Rules France • In 1800 New Constitution is approved through plebiscite (vote of the people) • Rebuilt government by • Fixing economy = national banking system and efficient taxes • Removed dishonest gov’t, promotion based on ability • Establishes lycées—government-run public schools to train officials • Signs concordat—agreement—with pope restoring Catholicism • Creates Napoleonic Code—uniform system of laws (Equal rights) • Preserved equality for all citizens • Right of the individual to choose a profession • Religious tolerations • Abolition of feudalism

  4. Limited Rights under Napoleonic Code • Limited Rights • Women Rights • Divorce allowed but difficult (Property belonged to husband) • Treated as minors • Liberty replaced by despotism (Tyrant) • Eliminated Freedom of the Press (60/73 papers) • Approval before publication • Mail opened by gov’t officials

  5. Napoleon Creates an Empire • Need for more land • In 1801, attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails • Sells the Louisiana Territory to United States for $15 million in 1803 • In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France • Gives up on the Americas and concentrates on Europe • Empire consists of: • French Empire (Rhine to half of Italy),Dependent states (controlled by relatives), and Allied States (defeated and forced to fight) • The Battle of Trafalgar • In 1805, ensures British naval superiority and ruins ideas of invading Britain

  6. Fall of Napoleon’s Empire • Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes - threatened by his own personality and need to expamnnd • Desire to crush Britain • Ordered a blockade—forced closing of ports • Fail of the Continental System—economic plan to strengthen Europe, weaken Britain • Britain by its stronger navy • Made Brother King of Spain • Spanish fight as guerrillas with support from Britain—small groups that attacked and then disappear • Lost 300,000 troops to The Peninsular War • Tries to Conquer Russia • In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men • Russians use scorched-earth policy—destroying crops, livestock • Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather

  7. Fall of Napoleon’s Empire Continues • Napoleon Suffers Defeat • Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon • Battle of Leipzig -raises another army, but defeat due to inexperience • Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba • King Louis XVIII is crowned King of France and struggles • The Hundred Days: Napoleon’s last attempt at power • Louis XVIIIis overthrown and Napoleon returns • Battle of Waterloo—British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon

  8. Congress of Vienna • A Meeting of Nations • Congress of Vienna—series of meetings that reshape Europe • Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and Switzerland made independent • Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states • Klemensvon Metternich—foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress • French couldn’t attack another country • Balance of power—a chief Metternich goal, with no one country a threat L • egitimacy—monarchs deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones Leaders hope to restore order through these changes • European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years • Political Changes • Holy Alliance—Russia, Prussia, Austria pledge to fight revolution • Concert of Europe—European nations pledge to help fight revolutions • Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact • Revolutions in Latin America • Napoleon’s replacing king of Spain set off rebellions in Spanish America • Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence • Britain, Prussia gain power; spreading nationalism leads to revolutions

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