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NOTE: This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that they contain. Thank you, Vicki Hughes. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System.

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  1. NOTE: This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that they contain. Thank you, Vicki Hughes

  2. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System

  3. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton “Skeleton” means “dried up body” in Greek. Skeletal System = bones of the skeleton, joints, cartilages, and ligaments. Skeleton is divided into two sections: Axial skeleton = bones of longitudinal axis Appendicular skeleton = bones of limbs and girdles

  4. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System • Functions of Bones • Support (internal framework) • Protection (of organs) • Movement (with skeletal muscles) • Storage (fat, minerals – especially calcium and phosphorus) • Calcium comes and goes from bones continually as it is needed in the blood. • Blood Cell Formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in bone marrow

  5. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System • Classification of Bones • Compact Bone = dense, smooth, homogeneous • Spongy Bone = made of small needlelike pieces of bone and open spaces

  6. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System TXT pg 136 • Classification of Bones • Long Bones • Longer than wideHead at each endMostly compact bone • Limb bones

  7. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System • Classification of Bones • Short Bones • Cube-shapedSpongy bone • Ex. Wrist and ankle

  8. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System • Classification of Bones • Flat Bones • Thin, flattened, usually curved. • Two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone. • Ex. Skull, ribs, and sternum. 135

  9. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System • Classification of Bones • Irregular Bones • Don’t fit into other categories. • Ex. Vertebrae, hip bones.

  10. Structure of a Long Bone 137

  11. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Structure of a Long Bone Red Marrow Forms blood cells Infants: all red marrow Adults: only in spongy part of bones. Yellow Marrow Adults only. Make mostly fat cells. Can be converted back to red marrow in cases of severe blood loss.

  12. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Structure of a Long Bone Gross Anatomy (See TXT pg 142 Table 5.1) Bone Markings Categories: Projections (Processes) Grows out from bone surface. Depressions (Cavities) Indentations into the bone.

  13. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Microscopic Anatomy Intro to Bone Structure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inqWoakkiTc (See TXT pg 139 Fig 5.4)

  14. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System (See TXT pg 140 Fig 5.5) Bone Growth Bone Growth

  15. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Bone Growth Osteoclasts break bone down. Osteoblasts rebuild bone. Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts 2:12 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78RBpWSOl08 Bone Modeling and Remodeling 4:14 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dV1Bwe2v6c

  16. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Bone Growth Regulation of bone growth and destruction is controlled by two primary proteins called RANK Ligand and OPG. RANK Ligand Regulation of Osteoclast Activity 2:31 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpMV197xZXc

  17. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Bone Fractures When a bone breaks: 1. A blood clot forms filling the break. 2. Connective tissue forms around the sides of the fracture.

  18. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Bone Fractures When a bone breaks: 3. New blood vessels form. 4. Remodeling occurs. Anatomy of a Fracture 3:10 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5HwYWShBhw show only up through remodeling

  19. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Fractures (See TXT pg 145 Table 5.2)

  20. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Fractures More Fractures online… Click-on Fracture Animations http://www.argosymedical.com/Skeletal/index.html

  21. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones (See TXT pg 144 Fig 5.7) • Stages of Healing: • Hematoma • Soft Callus • Bony Callus • Remodeling

  22. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Fractures Reduction = repair of fractures.

  23. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Fractures Interactive Arm Surgery http://www.agame.com/game/arm-surgery-2

  24. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Bone Aging http://www.argosymedical.com/Skeletal/samples/animations/Aging%20Bone/index.html

  25. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones (See TXT pg 146) AxialSkeleton: Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax

  26. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones The SKULL (See TXT pg 147)

  27. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Ancient man following skull surgery. Other Lateral Views of Skull This weird looking skull is the famous Starchild Skull that was found in 1930. The Starchild Skull was discovered in a mine tunnel about 100 miles southwest of Chihuahua, Mexico along with several other normal skeletons. 100,000-year-old skull was found in a cave in Qafzeh, Israel,

  28. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Anterior View of the Skull 149

  29. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones More Anterior Views of Skulls 8-13 yr old boy

  30. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Sinus = any air filled cavity Process = projection Foramen = hole or opening Suture = immovable fibrous joints between bones Condyle = rounded projection at the end of a bone that articulates with another bone 142

  31. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Paranasal Sinuses Lighten the skull and warm inspired air.

  32. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Hyoid Bone Not part of skull. Only bone that does not interact directly with another bone. Suspended and anchored by ligaments. Moveable base for tongue. Attachment point for swallowing. Aids in speech.

  33. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Human Teeth Teeth are not made of bone. They are made of multiple layers of a variety of tissues. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_Gdl0C4CnY

  34. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Human Teeth There are a total of 32 teeth in the adult human. Tooth shapes are directly related to their functions.

  35. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Fetal Skull Face is small compared to cranium. Skull overall is large for the body. Cranial bones connected by fontanels which harden post partem. http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/quiz/practice/u5/quiztop5.htm

  36. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Vertebral Column Also called “spine.” Before birth = 33 vertebrae After birth = 24 vertebrae

  37. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Vertebral Column Separated into 5 major sections: Cervical (neck) Thoracic (mid back) Lumbar (lower back) Sacrum (top of tail) Coccyx (tail bone) 152

  38. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Vertebral Column Intervertebral discs = separate vertebrae 90% water Dries as ages.

  39. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Vertebral Column S-shaped structure Provides flexibility and prevents shock to the brain Primary curvatures formed at birth Thoracic and Sacral Secondary curvatures cervical – when baby begins raising head lumbar – when baby begin walking

  40. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones

  41. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones 1st Vertebra: Atlas Has no body Holds occipital condyles of skull Allows nodding = “yes” 2nd Vertebra: Axis Acts as pivot for rotation of skull Allows side-to-side motion = “no” Dens: Pivot point Cervical Vertebra 155

  42. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Thoracic Vertebra Supports ribs.

  43. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Lumbar Vertebra Block-like body. Most of stress on spine occurs in lumbar region.

  44. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Sacrum Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae. Alae = articulates with hip bones. Formed by fusion of 3 vertebrae. “Tailbone” Coccyx

  45. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Bony Thorax Ribs: True Ribs: 1st 7 ribs Attach to sternum. False Ribs: Last 5 ribs Attach indirectly to sternum or not attached at all.

  46. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Bony Thorax Ribs: Floating Ribs are the last 2 false ribs that are not attached to the sternum at all.

  47. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Bony Thorax Sternum: Manubrium ProcessBody Xiphoid process easily broken during CPR

  48. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Disease of the Spine Scoliosis is a lateral curvature in the normally strait line of the spine. Occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. Severe scoliosis can reduce the efficiency of the lungs. 154 Scoliosis Animation http://www.spine-health.com/video/scoliosis-video-what-scoliosis

  49. CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones Disease of the Spine Kyphosis is a forword rounding of the upper spine. Most common in older women where the deformity is known as a Dowager's hump 154

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