Chapter 7: Peer Relations and Moral Development

1. Chapter 7: Peer Relations and Moral Development PED 392 Child Growth and Development

2. Social Cognition • The ability to think about the social world

3. Social Perspectives (pg 404) • Level 0 – 3-6 years (Egocentric Perspective taking) • Unable to know that others may interpret situations differently • Level 1 – 5-9 years (Differentiated Perspective taking) • One way thought, both people cant be happy • Level 2 – 7-12 years (Reciprocal Perspective taking) • Put themselves in others shoes • Level 3 – 10-15 years (Mutual Perspective taking) • Can see a 3rd persons point of view • Level 4 – 12 years and up (In-Depth Perspective taking) • Understands a larger social perspective

4. Definitions • Prejudice • A negative view of others based on their race or ethnicity (could be based on many other factors • Peer • Someone of an equal age or maturity

5. Peer Relations (pg 414) • Early Childhood – 3-5 years • Preference to peers; friendship is doing things together • Middle Childhood – 6-10 years • Small selective peer groups; same sex; friendship based on shared values • Early Adolescence – 10-14 years • 6-9 peers; sex and race; peer popularity important • Late Adolescence – 14-20 years • Based on stereotypes, friendships based on intimacy, closeness and self disclosure.

6. Cliques • Elementary school • Friendship based • Range from 3-9 people • Same sex • Same race

7. Crowds • Adolescence • Reputation based • Similar stereotypes • May or may not spend time together

8. Crowds • Populars – lots of friends; look good; are cool • Normals – average; no problems • Jocks – sports; physical activities • Brains – good grades; smart; good academics • Toughs – drugs and alcohol • Loners – feel alone; not accepted by others; do not conform

9. Rejection • Based on popularity and “crowd” • Neglected peers – limited amounts of friends • Peer rejection • Why • What happens

10. Aggressive behaviors • Aggression – intentionally aimed at harming or injuring another person • Instrumental – obtain an object or protect space • Hostile – hurt or harm others • Bullying • Embarrassing others • Hitting • Destroying property • Etc.

11. Moral development (pg 434) • Kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning • Not all students reach all levels • 3 levels • 2 groups per level

12. Moral development (pg 434) • Level 1: Preconventional • Stage 1 – Obedience-Punishment Orientation • Obey rules to avoid punishment • Pro- wont get caught • Con – will go to jail • Stage 2 – Instrumental and Relativist Orientation • Take care of own needs • Pro – Wife needs drugs, husband lonely if she dies • Con – Storekeeper needs money for store

13. Moral development (pg 434) • Level 2 – Conventional • Stage 3 – Good Girl, Nice boy Orientation • Good people do good things; intention important • Pro – shows his wife he is a good husband • Con – Others think he is bad • Stage 4 – Law and Order Orientation • Good behavior obeys laws • Pro – Husband has a duty to take care of wife • Con – It is against the law to steal

14. Moral development (pg 434) • Level 3 – Postconventional • Stage 5 – Social Contract Orientation • Laws exist to benefit everyone • Pro – Law not intended when dying • Con – Others cant use drug if he steals it • Stage 6 – Universal Ethical Orientation • General universal principals determine right and wrong • Pro – Saving a life is more important than property • Con – Feels guilty not living up to moral standards.

15. Character education • Teaching young people core values and virtues • What values and virtues “should” be taught • Who decides • How do you teach them • Service learning • Combining academic work with community service