1. Carbon Cycle Also see Chapter 6 of IPCC 2013 http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/full-report/

2. Carbon Cycle

3. Carbon Cycle 0.2 Gtonne/year goes into solid earth 0.2 Gt/yr goes into atmosphere from outgassing Today 2012 approximately 10 Gt/yr are put into the atomosphere from Fossil fuel emission Thus natural fluxes from volcanoes and outgassing account for about 2% of the anthropogenic sources.

4. Carbon Cycle 1.6 Gt/yr from deforestation 6.4 Gt/yr from fossil fuel emission (1994) 1.6/8.0=0.20=20% (deforestation accounts for 20 % of total Carbon flux into atmosphere) Biosphere takes up (2.6 Gt /yr more ) carbon than it did in preindustrial times.

5. Biosphere takes up (2.6 Gt /yr more ) carbon than it did in preindustrial times. Preindustrial RR=120 GT/yr Now it is 122.6 Gt/yr RR=Content/lifetime Preindustrial content =597 Gt Now(1994)= 763 Gt

7. 2000-2009 mean land use changes account for about 1.1/8.9=12 % of anthropogenic carbon emissiosn Figure 6.1 IPCC 2013 WG1AR5

10. The atmosphere contains the least amount of carbon and sediments and rocks contain the most.

11. The ultimate removal of carbon from the climate system is an extremely slow process. In nature this is balanced by the slow injection of carbon into the atmosphere by volcanoes and outgassing near mid ocean ridges. When humans bring carbon in the form of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) to the surface they rapidly disrupt this balance.

12. The annual cycle of vegetation is dominated by flucuations in the Northern hemisphere.

13. Short Term Carbon Cycle

14. Short Term Carbon Cycle

16. As atmospheric CO2 increases from photosynthesis or combustion, O2 decreases. O2 is presently decreasing faster than atmospheric CO2 is increasing. This indicates the importance of the oceans in removing CO2 from the atmosphere. 13C/12C ratios in atmospheric CO2 are lower for human activity than for natural processes.

17. Seasonal Cycle is driven by Northern Hemisphere Vegetation When the atmospheric carbon dioxide increases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one. When the atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one.

18. Seasonal Cycle is driven by Northern Hemisphere Vegetation When the atmospheric carbon dioxide increases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one. When the atmospheric carbon dioxide decreases plants are growing or decaying? Circle one.

20. From www.learner.org/courses/envsci/Unit 12

24. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are strongly correlated with surface temperatures on most time scales.

25. +sunlight

26. The solubility of water increases with decreasing temperature.

27. Positive climate feedback

28. Phytoplankton shell: Diatom (SiO2)

29. Phytoplankton Shell: coccolithophorid (CaCO3

30. Zooplankton shell: Foraminifer (CaCO3)

31. Zooplankton shell: Radiolarian SiO2

32. More Ice on continents leaves more 18O in oceans

33. Ocean Biological Pump. Slowly taking Carbon to the seafloor for ultimate burial. Most of this carbon is recycled back to the surface a very small fraction is removed from the ocean into the deep earth.

35. Coastal Zone Color scanner

36. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1297

40. pH 7.0 is neutral (not acidic not alkaline) less than 7.0 is acidic greater than 7.0 is alkaline. pH of 2.0 is highly acidic. Normal rainwater from pristine environments has a pH of around 5.6, acid rain would have a pH of 5.0 or less.

45. Long term Carbon Cycle

46. Draw a causal loop diagram Describing the feedback structure at left. Is this a positive or negative feedback structure?

47. All loops are negative feedbacks

48. It appears that weathering of carbonate rock does not remove CO2 from the climate system. However some of the newly formed CaCO3 IS incorporated into shells and fall to the bottom of the ocean

49. Weather of silicate rock also removes CO2 from the climate system.