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Evolution and History of Programming Languages

Evolution and History of Programming Languages. Software Programming Languages. History Timeline. Evolution of Languages. To build programs, people use languages that are similar to human language. The results are translated into machine code, which computers understand.

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Evolution and History of Programming Languages

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  1. Evolution and History of Programming Languages

  2. Software Programming Languages

  3. History Timeline

  4. Evolution of Languages • To build programs, people use languages that are similar to human language. The results are translated into machine code, which computers understand. • Programming languages fall into three broad categories: • Machine languages • Assembly languages • Higher-level languages

  5. Machine Languages • Machine languages (first-generation languages) are the most basic type of computer languages, consisting of strings of numbers the computer's hardware can use. • Different types of hardware use different machine code. For example, IBM computers use different machine language than Apple computers.

  6. Assembly Languages • Assembly languages (second-generation languages) are only somewhat easier to work with than machine languages. • To create programs in assembly language, developers use cryptic English-like phrases to represent strings of numbers. • The code is then translated into object code, using a translator called an assembler.

  7. Assembly code Assembler Object code

  8. Higher Level Languages • Higher-level languages are more powerful than assembly language and allow the programmer to work in a more English-like environment. • Higher-level programming languages are divided into three "generations," each more powerful than the last: • Third-generation languages • Fourth-generation languages • Fifth-generation languages

  9. Third Generation • Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to use true English-like phrasing, making them easier to use than previous languages. • 3GLs are portable, meaning the object code created for one type of system can be translated for use on a different type of system. • The following languages are 3GLs: FORTAN C COBOL C++ BASIC Java Pascal ActiveX

  10. Phases of C Programs: 1. Program is created in the editor and stored on disk Editor Disk 2. Preprocessor program processes the code Preprocessor Disk 3. Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk. Compiler Disk Linker Disk 4. Linker links the object code with the libraries Primary Memory Loader 5. Loader puts program in memory. Disk Primary Memory CPU 6. CPU takes each instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes A Typical C Program Development Environment 1. Edit 2. Preprocess 3. Compile 4. Link 5. Load 6. Execute

  11. Fourth-Generation • Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are even easier to use than 3GLs. • 4GLs may use a text-based environment (like a 3GL) or may allow the programmer to work in a visual environment, using graphical tools. • The following languages are 4GLs: Visual Basic (VB) VisualAge Authoring environments

  12. Fifth-Generation • Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) are an issue of debate in the programming community – some programmers cannot agree that they even exist. • These high-level languages would use artificial intelligence to create software, making 5GLs extremely difficult to develop. • Solve problems using constraints rather than algorithms, used in Artificial Intelligence • Prolog

  13. Notable Languages • The desire to improve programmer efficiency and to change the focus from the computer to the problem being solved led to the development of high-level languages. • Over the years, various languages, most notably BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, Ada, C, C++ and Java, were developed.

  14. Compiled vs. Interpret • A compiler normally translates the whole source program into the object program • Some computer languages use an interpreter to translate the source program into the object program. Interpretation refers to the process of translating each line of the source program into the corresponding line of the object program and executing the line.

  15. Translation Process • Compilation and interpretation differ in that the first translates the whole source code before executing it, while the second translates and executes the source code a line at a time. Both methods, however, follow the same translation process shown below.

  16. Paradigms . • Today, computer languages are categorized according to the approach they use to solve a problem. A paradigm, therefore, is a way in which a computer language looks at the problem to be solved. We divide computer languages into four paradigms: procedural,object-oriented, functional and declarative.

  17. Summary

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