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Evolution of programming languages

Evolution of programming languages. Machine language Assembly language Sub-routines and loop (Fortran) Procedures and recursion (Algol, Pascal, C) Modules (Modula-2, Ada) Objects (Simula, Smalltalk, C++,Java) Declarative programming languages (Prolog, CLP, Lisp, ML, Haskall).

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Evolution of programming languages

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  1. Evolution of programming languages • Machine language • Assembly language • Sub-routines and loop (Fortran) • Procedures and recursion (Algol, Pascal, C) • Modules (Modula-2, Ada) • Objects (Simula, Smalltalk, C++,Java) • Declarative programming languages (Prolog, CLP, Lisp, ML, Haskall) presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  2. Programming language spectrum • Declarative • Logic and constraint-based (Prolog, CLP(FD)) • Functional (Lisp/Scheme, ML, Haskell) • Dataflow (Id, Val) • Template-based (XSLT) • Database (SQL) • Imperative • von Neumann (C, Ada, Fortran, Pascal,…) • Scripting (Perl, Python, PHP,…) • Object-oriented (Smalltalk, Effel, C++, Java, C#) presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  3. Imperative • Features • Variables are mnemonics of memory locations • Assignment statements • goto • Iterative constructs presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  4. Object-oriented • Features • Abstract data types • Inheritance and overriding • Polymorphism • Dynamic binding presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  5. Functional • Features • Single assignment variables (no side effects) • Recursion • Rule-based and pattern matching (ML, Haskell) • High-order functions • Lazy evaluation (Haskell) • Meta-programming (Scheme) presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  6. Stack in Scheme (define stack_push (lambda (s x) (cons x s))) (define stack_peek (lambda (s) (if (eq? s ()) (raise "empty stack") (car s)))) (define stack_pop (lambda (s) (if (eq? s ()) (raise "empty stack") (cdr s)))) presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  7. Stack in Haskell stack_push s x = (x:s) stack_peek (x:_) = x stack_pop (_:s) = s presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  8. Append in Haskell append :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] append [] ys = ys append (x:xs) ys = x : append xs ys presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  9. Stack in SML/NJ fun stack_push s x = (x::s) fun stack_peek (x::s) = x fun stack_pop (_::s) = s presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  10. F# let stack_push s x = x :: s let stack_peek s = match s with | x :: _ -> x let stack_pop s = match s with | _ ::s -> s presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  11. Logic & constraint-based • Features • Logic variables • Recursion • Unification • Backtracking • Meta-programming presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  12. Stack in Prolog stack_push(S,X,[X|S]). stack_pop([X|S],X,S). presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

  13. Append in Prolog append([],Ys,Ys). append([X|Xs],Ys,[X|Zs]):- append(Xs,Ys,Zs). presented by Neng-Fa Zhou

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