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The Human Body: From Food to Fuel

Explore the intricate systems of the human body, including signaling mechanisms, hormonal regulation, immune responses, and their impact on digestion and absorption. Learn about nutrition, GI disorders, and how various influences affect gastrointestinal health.

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The Human Body: From Food to Fuel

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  1. The Human Body:From Food to Fuel BIOL 103, Chapter 4 (Part 2)

  2. Today’s Topics • Signaling Systems: Command, Control, and Defense • The Hormonal System • The Immune System • Influences on Digestion and Absorption • Psychological, Chemical, Bacterial Influences • Nutrition and GI Disorders

  3. Signaling Systems:Command, Control, Defense • Nervous system • Nerves carry info back and forth between tissues and the brain using chemical signals known as neurotransmitters. • The Central Nervous System (CNS) regulates GI activity in 2 ways: • Enteric nervous system: _______________________ • Autonomicnervous system: ____________________ _____________________________________________ • Responses to sight, smell, thought of food by ___________ __________________________________________________

  4. Central Nervous System

  5. Signaling Systems:Command, Control, Defense • Hormonal system • Hormones: chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream • ______________________________________________________________________________ • __________________________by sending messages to your CNS. • Thus, your CNS and hormones work together to coordinate movement and secretions of the GI tract.

  6. Signaling Systems:Command, Control, Defense • Immune System • Purpose: ____________________________________ • Role of GI tract • Immune Response • Macrophages: “big eaters” ___________________________ ______________________________________________________ • Natural killer cells: ____________________________________ • Location of lymphoid tissues • Lymphocytes: white blood cells present in __________________ • Some types produce antibodies – protein molecules that tag, neutralize, and help destroy bacteria/viruses or toxins.

  7. Immune System

  8. Influences on Digestion and Absorption • Psychological influences • Positive: Taste, smell, presentation of food • Negative: Stress, fear, depression • Example: • Chemical influences • Cooking  __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ • Bacterial influences • HCl acid kills most bacteria • If lives  food borne illnesses, gastritis, ulcer, etc.

  9. Nutrition and GI Disorders • Constipation (< 3x/week) • Hard, dry, infrequent stools • Reduced by _______________________________ ___________________________ • Diarrhea (> 3x/day) • Loose, watery, frequent stools • Symptom of diseases/infections  ____________ • Can cause dehydration • _________________________________________ _______________________can help reduce diarrhea

  10. What is Dietary Fiber? • Fiber: a type of carbohydrate your body cannot digest with enzymes alone • 2 types: • Soluble fiber: __________________________________ • Can lower glucose, blood cholesterol • Fermented by bacteria in the colon into gases • Food sources: oatmeal, nuts, beans, lentils, apples, blueberries • Insoluble fiber: __________________________________ • Provides bulking  absorbs water  ease of defecation • Helps food move through your digestive system • Food sources: wheat, whole bread, brown rice, cucumbers, tomatoes

  11. Nutrition and GI Disorders • Diverticulosis • Pouches along colon develop as people age • 10-25% people  pouches become infected • __________________reduces formation: • Low-fiber diet  • Heartburn and GERD • Chronic heartburn  GERD • Reduced by _________________________ • Smoking weakens the esophageal sphincter • Being overweight often worsens symptoms

  12. Nutrition and GI Disorders • Irritable Bowel Movement (IBS) • Causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, or constipation and cramps • Stress and certain foods aggravate the symptoms • Examples: milk, beans, chocolate, alcohol • Associated with reproductive hormones • Can usually be controlled by _________________ __________________________________________ • Stress management

  13. Nutrition and GI Disorders • Colorectal cancer: cancer in colon or rectum • ____ leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US • Eating a lot of red meat and low fiber food can increase risks • __________________________may reduce risk: • Hypothesis: more fiber  goes down the GI tract faster, dilution of carcinogens in a bulkier stool, etc… • BUT, human/animal studies do not support those theories.

  14. Nutrition and GI Disorders • Ulcers • Pain in the upper abdomen • Sore is in duodenum: duodenal ulcer • Sore is in stomach: gastric ulcer • Can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss • Cause: ________________________________________ ________________________________________________ • Functional dyspepsia • Chronic pain in the upper abdomen ________________ _______________________________________________ • Treat with _____________________________________

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