1. Organic Chem: Biochemistry

2. Biochemistry • Study of chem of living organisms • Most: large, complex molecules • complex molecules: biopolymers smaller, simpler units: monomers 4 main classes: • lipids • Proteins • Carbohydrates • nucleic acids

3. Lipids • Fatty acids, fats, oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, some vitamins, steroids, and waxes

5. Structural part of cell membrane • Long-term energy storage • Insulation & shock absorbing

6. Carbohydrates: it’s all in the name! -ose: fructose, glucose, maltose, lactose, galactose, sucrose, etc.

7. An aldehyde sugar = aldose 6 C sugar = hexose What other functional groups do you see?

8. A ketone sugar = ketose 6 C sugar = hexose Structural isomer

9. Which atoms could be chiral? Reminder: 4 diff groups on a central C

10. Intramolecular Reaction of Glucose to Form a Ring Aldehyde double bond breaks and O atom transfers over H. O then can form 2 single bonds to hold the ring

12. Condensation Rxtn

13. Hydrolysis:

15. Proteins: the main molecule of living tissue

19. All 20 aa’s are chiral exceptfor Glycine. Amino acids link together in condensation reactions to form polymers.

20. Zwitterion

21. Condensation rxtn Forms C to N peptide bond

23. 201 = 20 amino acids 202= 400 dipeptides

24. 203= 8000 tripeptide 20100= 1.3 x 10130

25. Oligopeptide= short to medium-length aa chain (5 to100 aa’s) fuzzy borders Polypeptide= over 100 aa’s in the chain

26. A thiol (same family as O) Can form disulfide bonds

30. Strong covalent bonds

32. Weak, but plentiful H bonds e.g. wool

33. Not as stretchy: e.g. silk

36. Proteins play many roles in cells: • structural (e.g. collagen in connective tissue) • movement (e.g. actin & myosin in muscles) • transport (e.g. hemoglobin, LDL, HDL) • catalysis (e.g. wide variety of enzymes) • regulation (e.g. hormones such as insulin)

37. Nucleic acids: energy and genetics

38. BASE vs. NUCLEOSIDE (base + sugar) vs. NUCLEOTIDE (base + sugar + phosphate)

41. RNA’s base

42. DNA vs RNA structure

44. Composed of nucleotide monomers: A 5 C sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous bases:

49. Watson & Crick back in the 1950’s Modern genetic engineering Rosalind Franklin

50. DNA  RNA  proteins