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Ch. 16: The Scientific Revolution

Ch. 16: The Scientific Revolution. 16 th -17 th century Society and Culture Mannerism and Baroque Art, Music, Literature. Origins of the Scientific Revolution. Medieval view: Religious Divine right of kings Society governed by Church practices and superstition

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Ch. 16: The Scientific Revolution

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  1. Ch. 16: The Scientific Revolution 16th-17th century Society and Culture Mannerism and Baroque Art, Music, Literature

  2. Origins of the Scientific Revolution Medieval view: • Religious • Divine right of kings • Society governed by Church practices and superstition • World views influenced by Aristotle • Geocentric theory

  3. Causes: • Medieval universities • Renaissance and Humanist movement • Age of exploration created need for scientific advances • Scientific method • Scientific Method becomes major cause of new world view of 17th-18th centuries • secularism

  4. Astronomy: 16th century Copernicus (1473-1543) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Built the best observatory in Europe and collected massive data on his observations of the cosmos Data later proved Copernicus’ theory • On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) • Heliocentric view: • Condemned by Luther, Calvin, and the Catholic Church • In 1616 Church declared his theory heretical

  5. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • First great Protestant scientist, worked as assistant to Brahe • Mathematically proved Copernican theory • Developed three laws of planetary motion: • Orbits are elliptical • Planets do not move at uniform speed • Time it takes to orbit directly based on its distance from the sun Ptolemaic View Copernican view

  6. Astronomy: 17th century Galileo shows the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope (fresco) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 Condemned by Church and forced to recant in 1633 • Developed the laws of motion • Used controlled experiments • Acceleration experiment: • Law of inertia: • Validated Copernicus’ heliocentric view with a telescope • First to use one as scientific instrument • Discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, 1857

  7. Principia (1687) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Every body in the universe attracts every other body in a precise mathematical relationship Natural laws are unchangeable and predictable, thus God is not needed to explain forces of nature Foundation of deism • Incorporated astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with physics of Galileo to overarching theory explaining order and design to the universe • Principle of universal gravitation • Natural laws of motion are evident in the movement of heavenly bodies and earthly objects • Mathematics to explain motion (invented calculus)

  8. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Deductive reasoning “I think; therefore, I am.” • Formalized empiricism • Inductive method for scientific experimentation

  9. Anatomy, physiology, and biology • Scientists began challenging traditional Greco-Roman medical theories of health and disease • Galen: believed proper balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) were basis for human health • Blood-letting common to balance humors

  10. Anatomy, physiology, and biology Paracelsus (1493-1541) Vesalius (1516-1564) The Structure of the Human Body (1543) renewed and modernized study of human anatomy • Believed medical issues were chemical imbalances rather than humoral imbalances

  11. Royal scientific societies • Governments/monarchs encouraged scientific inquiry as a means to further the prestige of the state and remain at the cutting edge of technology • Scientific societies created a means by which scientists could communicate internationally • The Royal Society in England was the most prestigious (1660) • Others in Naples, France (Louis XIV), Prussia (Frederick I), and Russia (Peter the Great)

  12. Impact on Society • Led to the Enlightenment • Improved exploration • Accelerated the agricultural revolution • Improved quality of life • Discredited superstition and witchcraft as fallacies • Science and religion not in direct conflict until 19th-20th centuries • Few attempts to secularize science

  13. Witch Hunts70,000-100,000 people killed between 1400-1700 Causes End of Witch Hunts The Scientific Revolution discredited superstition and witch hunts Advances in medicine Protestant Reformation emphasized God as only spiritual force in the universe literature • Popular belief in magic • Catholic Church used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas • Women seen as “weaker vessels” and prone to temptation (80% of victims) • Religious wars and divisions created panic and scapegoat environment

  14. Mannerism Characteristics: El Greco (1541-1614) Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-88 • Reaction against Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color • Rebellion against “perfection” of High Renaissance • Used unnatural color, shapes irregular • Bridge between High Renaissance & Baroque

  15. Tintoretto Last Supper, 1594 Arcimboldo "Vertemnus” ca 1590

  16. Mannerist Literature Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) Spanish writer during Age of Decline Don Quixote (1605) Nobility’s ill attempts at chivalry, similar to fall of Spain • French humanist philosopher; developed modern skepticism • Question, don’t accept • “what do I know?” (nothing)

  17. Shakespeare (1564-1616) • Greatest writer in English history • Theater, comedies, tragedies, histories • Average people could understand • Wrote in vernacular

  18. Baroque Art • Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church • Spread to Protestant countries

  19. Baroque Art, 17th Century • Italian Baroque artists embraced a more dynamic and complex aesthetic. • …dramatic theatricality, grandiose scale, and elaborate ornateness…characterized… the art and architecture. • Baroque art production further suggests the role art played in supporting the aims of the [Catholic] Church. Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1614-20, Uffizi, Florence, Italy. -Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, 11th Ed. Bernini, David, 1623, Galleria Borghese, Rome. Bernini, baldacchino, 1623-24, St. Peter’s, Vatican City. Bernini, Trevi Fountain, 1629-1762, Rome.

  20. Baroque Sculpture and ArchitectureItaly: Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Piazza Navona: Fountain of the Four Rivers • A Counter Reformation Catholic • Inspired by Caravaggio • Sculptor • Greatest imprint on city of Rome than any other artist

  21. Bernini Saint Peter’s Square Baldacchino

  22. Bernini Trevi Fountain David

  23. Saint Teresa in Ecstasy, 1647-52

  24. Italian Baroque Painting Caravaggio (1571-1610) First important painter of Baroque period Highly emotional scenes Use of tenebrism Considered a realist in an age of idealists Criticized for use of ordinary, gritty people as models even for religious paintings • Baroque art reaches out to people and provokes action; designed to give spontaneous personal experience. • Baroque paintings are filled with dramatic movement, striking contrasts of light and dark, vivid colors, and earthly realism. • Baroque artists depicted the heroic acts of martyrs and saints to inspire the lower classes to accept their own suffering and not lose faith.

  25. Caravaggio Bacchus David with the Head of Goliath

  26. Caravaggio Basket of Fruit Crucifixion of Saint Peter

  27. Northern European Baroque Art Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Rubenshuis, Antwerp • northern Europe, the Netherlands was divided into two parts: the Northern Netherlands (present day Netherlands) and Southern Netherlands (present day Belgium and part of France), each usually referred to as Holland (North) and Flanders (South). • Rubens and his workshop dominated the art of Flanders with the creation of dramatic and powerful religious altarpieces and portraits of the ruling families of Italy and France. • Emphasized color and sensuality (nudes as Roman goddesses, nymphs, saints, and angels); melodramatic contrasts; monumental size • Mainly Christian subjects

  28. Rubens The Fall of Man, 1628-29 The Three Graces, 1635

  29. Rembrandt (1606-1669) Dutch artist during Dutch Golden Age: Dutch Classicism Self Portrait, 1658 • Painted in Amsterdam – tolerant city, valued personal privacy, thus unknown if he was Catholic or Protestant • Personal tragedies: wife died, 3 of 4 children died, bankrupt • Known for self-portraits (more than 90), very prolific • Narrow color range: browns, reds, beige. Pinpoint style with light to illuminate a point • Painterly style: layers of paint

  30. Rembrandt: The Night Watch 1642

  31. Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 1632 Return of the Prodigal Son, 1669

  32. Baroque Art: Spain Diego Velasquez, 1599-1660 Las Meninas, 1656 • Court painter for King Philip IV • Favorite • Moved into palace • Spanish Golden Age • Important portrait artist • Loose brush technique

  33. Velasquez Philip IV 1632 Los Borrachos 1628

  34. General Background on the Baroque Era: The Baroque Era (c1600-1750) was the last great age of European aristocratic monarchies. During this period, much of the world was colonized on behalf of Europe's crowned heads, and Protestantism successfully rivaled Catholicism. Notable scientists were Newton, Bacon and Kepler. Important writers and artists were Descartes, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, El Greco, Milton, Pope, Racine and Moliere. Characteristics George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) Emphasis on text in the music; the lyrics and libretto were most important Baroque composers developed the modern system of major-minor tonalities. Dissonance was used much more freely than during the Renaissance Like Bach, he wrote in a variety of genres. His masterpiece is the oratorio The Messiah.

  35. Claudio Monteverdi (1547-1643) J. S. Bach (1685-1750) Greatest of the Baroque composers wrote dense and polyphonic structures hired by several princes and churches throughouthis career to compose religious music • developed the opera and the modern orchestra • L’Orfeo (1607) is his masterpiece

  36. Essay Questions • How did the Scientific Revolution impact European society intellectually, politically, religiously, and economically?

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