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The Muslim World

The Muslim World. SOL Standards Essential Questions. Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread? What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam? How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule?

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The Muslim World

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  1. The Muslim World

  2. SOL Standards Essential Questions • Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread? • What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam? • How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule? • How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands? • What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization? • How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? • What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?

  3. Origins of Islam • ArabianPeninsula (present-day Saudi Arabia) • The cities ofMecca and Medina • Based on the monotheism ofAbraham.

  4. The Founder of Islam Muhammad • Muhammad had a vision that an angel came to him and told him that there was only onegod “Allah”. • He spread his monotheisticmessage in Mecca (at first). • He is known as “The (last and greatest) Prophet” Artist depiction

  5. Mecca • Birthplace of Islam • Muhammad was driven from Mecca, and fled to Medina. After years of fighting, he returned to Mecca and destroyed the idols at the Kaaba. • Pilgrimage center

  6. Kaaba • Muslims believe that this shrinewas built by the prophet Abraham.

  7. Medina • Muhammad migrated to Medina and attracted a large devoted following. • He became a religious, political and military leader.

  8. Beliefs of Islam • One God: “Allah” • Five pillars • Quran • Judeo-Christian prophets: Abraham, Moses and Jesus Allahin Arabic

  9. Five Pillars of Islam • Declaration of Faith: One God • Daily Prayer • Alms (charity) to the Poor • Fastingduring Ramadan • Pilgrimage (holy journey) to Mecca to visit the Kaaba(Hajj)

  10. Daily Prayer • fivetimes a day- facing Mecca

  11. Alms for the Poor • Charity

  12. Fasting • During the month of Ramadan no food or drink is taken from sunrise to sunset.

  13. Hajj • Pilgrimage to Mecca (if able) at least once during a person’s lifetime.

  14. Quran • The Quran (Koran) is the holy book of Islam: • Muslims believe it perfects the earlier revelations from God (in the Bible)

  15. Islam Spreads • At first, Islam spread along traderoutes from Mecca and Medina • Muslims believed they had a duty to spread their religion and began to build anempire.

  16. Islam Spreads • As the Muslim Empiregrew, Islam spread into FertileCrescent, Iranand Egypt, including the cities of JerusalemandDamascus. • The Byzantine and Persian Empires were weak.

  17. Islam Spreads • Finally it spread into Central Asia, across Northern Africa and into Spain (Green areas) • The Muslim empire grew quickly despite great distances, deserts, and mountain barriers.

  18. Damascus • Under the Umayadd dynasty the capitalof the Muslim Empirewas moved far from Mecca to Damascus (in Syria) in order to better control distant territories.

  19. Sunni – Shi’a Division • This split in Islamic religion was caused by disagreement oversuccession (choosing the next caliph) • The two sects (branches)of Islam have a long history of tension and rivalry .

  20. Sunni Muslims • The Sunnibelieved that all of the first four caliphs (religious and political leaders), were the rightful successors of the Prophet Muhammed. • The vast majority of Muslims belong to the Sunni sect.

  21. Shi’a Muslims • Shi’a believed the caliph should be a relative of Muhammad (descendant of Ali –the 4th Caliph). • Shi’a Islam is the state religion of present-day Iranand the majority religion in Iraqand Lebanon.

  22. Battle of Tours • A battle between the Muslims and the Franks(a Germanic tribe) which took place in Tours (in present-day France) • The Franks won and stopped the Muslims from advancing beyond (present-day) Spain and further into WesternEurope.

  23. Baghdad • Under the Abassid’s, the capital of the Islamic Empire was moved to Baghdad(present-day Iraq), due to its location at the point where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers almost meet.

  24. Baghdad • This location provided access to key trade routes which gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about the Empire.

  25. Muslim Empire • The Muslim Empire did not stay politically united. • The empire began to split up into independentMuslim states – but Muslims remained unified by a common religion, language, and trade.

  26. Crusades • In 1096 Western Europeans launched a crusade(holy war) to reclaim Jerusalem and the holy lands.

  27. Crusades • In 1099, Crusaders captured Jerusalem and massacred its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.

  28. Saladin • In 1187, Saladin, a Muslim ruler retookJerusalemand Damascus from Christian Crusaders.

  29. Ottoman Turks • The Ottoman Turks were nomads who converted to Islam and conquered what remained of the ByzantineEmpire in 1453. • Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) became capital of the OttomanEmpire.

  30. Islam Today • In the High Middle AgesIslam spread further into Central Asia, Southeast Asia and WestAfrica. • Today Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, and Indonesia

  31. Cultural Achievements • Architecture • Mosaics • Arabicalphabet • Universities • Translationof ancient texts into Arabic

  32. Dome of the Rock • The earliest surviving Muslim mosque (house of worship) • Built on a site in Jerusalemholy to Muslims and Jews.

  33. Mosaics • Pictures made up of bitsof stone and glass. • Muslims used geometric designs because they were not permitted to picture holy beings

  34. Arabic Language • The Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated tradeacross Islamic lands • Ancient Greek and Roman texts were translated into Arabic.

  35. Muslim Universities • Centers of learning for Christian Europeans as well as Muslimsduring the middle ages • Al Azhar university mosque, Cairo

  36. Other Contributions • Arabic numerals(adapted from India) • Algebra • Medicine • Letters ofcredit(checks) • Geographicknowledge

  37. Arabic Numerals • Also called Hindu-Arabic numbers • Improved trade

  38. Muslim Medicine • Far more advanced than in Europe. • First true hospitals. al Razi

  39. Lateen Sail • Arab traders crossed the Indian Ocean in ships with lateen sails whichenabled them to sail closer to the wind. • By the tenth century, this technology reached Europefrom the Middle East.

  40. Slavery • Slavery was commonplace in many Muslim areas until modern times. • Slavery was notbased on race.

  41. Reflection • The hegira marks Mohammed’s flight from Mecca toA. Damascus.B. Baghdad.C. Jerusalem.D. Medina. • Which of the following is NOT one of the Pillars of Islam?A. Giving charityB. Fasting during RamadanC. Being baptizedD. Making a pilgrimage • What city is important not only to Muslims, but to Jews and Christians as well?A. MeccaB. JerusalemC. ConstantinopleD. Cairo • Which of the following is true about the Koran?A. It was written by Mohammed.B. It has been changed over time.C. It was recorded by Mohammed’s followers.D. It includes the Old and New Testament. • Who of the following is NOT regarded as a prophet by Muslims?A. JesusB. PaulC. AbrahamD. Mohammed

  42. Reflection • An important cultural contribution of the Muslims would be theA. development of gunpowder.B. preservation of ancient Greek and Roman texts.C. establishment of trade with Australia.D. building of churches throughout the empire. • As trade expanded in the Islamic Empire, many people adopted the Arabic language. This event would be best characterized by what term below?A. AcculturationB. EthnocentrismC. Diffusion D. Xenophobia • When Muslims pray, they faceA. the east.B. Mecca.C. Jerusalem.D. the nearest mosque. • Which of the following represents the correct order of the Islamic dynasties from the 7th to the 13th century?A. Umayyad, Abbasid, SeljukB. Abbasid, Seljuk, UmayyadC. Abbasid, Shi’ite, SunniD. Umayyad, Shi’ite, Abbasid • All of the following are scientific achievements of the Muslims EXCEPT:A. invention of the compass.B. Al Jabr or Algebra.C. adaptation of Arabic numerals.D. medicine.

  43. Reflection • Where did Islam begin?A. Iberian PeninsulaB. AfricaC. Arabian PeninsulaD. Europe • Who is the founder of Islam?A. MohammedB. ZoroasterC. GautamaD. Abraham • What famous battle halted the spread of Islam into western Europe?A. HastingsB. Tours C. SalamisD. Agincourt • At its height, the Islamic empire expanded fromA. east Asia to Europe.B. the Indus River Valley to the Atlantic Ocean.C. the Nile River Valley to the Pacific Ocean.D. west Africa to Scandinavia. • Where did traders and merchants spread Islam?A. Northern EuropeB. Southeast AsiaC. AustraliaD. America

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