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PIA 2528

PIA 2528. Local Government, Governance and Civil Society. Local Governance: A Cultural Perspective. A Palolem local government meeting in East India. Governance, an Overview of Issues. Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) Governance

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PIA 2528

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  1. PIA 2528 Local Government, Governance and Civil Society

  2. Local Governance: A Cultural Perspective A Palolem local government meeting in East India

  3. Governance, an Overview of Issues • Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) • Governance • Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown • Local Government • Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures • Civil Society • Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)

  4. Institutional Legacy- Discussion: Samuel P. Huntington(1927-2008) Culture Matters?

  5. The Institutions Debate: Huntington’s Regions -Culture vs. Rationality

  6. Institutional Legacy The cultural organization contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, cultural rifts must be understood, and culture — rather than the State — must be accepted as the locus of war.

  7. Gender Representation: Government of New Zealand

  8. The Nature of Local Government • Part of the Institutional State • Based on Devolution of Authority • Culture defines Participation • Links Governance to Civil Society

  9. Indonesia

  10. Forms of Local Government • Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government • Role of intermediate Government (s) • Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it

  11. Commonwealth Provincial Governance

  12. Functions of Urban Local Governance: A South African View

  13. Historical Legacy • Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Dilemma of the Local State • The Best Predictor of Institutions • Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your part of the world and be prepared to discuss next week. • Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based Empires

  14. Imperial Germany (Russia, Austria, Turkey)

  15. The Imperial Model

  16. French Colonial System French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps) Ministry of Overseas Affairs Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar) Governor (Guinea- Conakry) Commandant District Chief Sub-Chief

  17. The French Empire and Culture: North America, Caribbean, Africa and Asia

  18. Tribal Secretary and Clerks Tribal Treasury Tribal Court Tribal Police Tribal Council British Colonial System Parliament (No Rep.) Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or India Governor / High Commissioner* Regional / Divisional Commissioner District Commissioner District Officer Chief Sub-Chief Headman * Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office

  19. The British Image

  20. Reformed British Administration Prime Minister (UK) Colonial Office London Parliament Dar es Salaam EXECO LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary Secretariat MED WORKS EDUC AGRIC Kilimanjaro Province PEO Provincial Commissioner DEO Para-Chief District Commissioner Moshi Sub-Chief Headmen SAA MOJA Village

  21. Traditional Administration &Governance Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Advisors (Native Councils) Sub-Chiefs Village Meeting Place Headmen Judicial System

  22. The Dilemma of Traditional Local Governance

  23. Traditional Administration &Governance Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule Imperial Systems King King’s Representative Chief Inner Council Outer Council Meeting Place Judicial System King’s Representative Sub-Chief

  24. Traditional Administration &Governance Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule • Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers • Chief as government official • Façade of Direct Rule • Grassroots similarity • Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration” • Legal / Rational Model • Modification of Tradition • Training of tribal administrator • Inherited vs. Age Grade Systems • Nature of traditional Civil Society

  25. Mini-Discussion How Does One Create Local Government Out of this?

  26. Historical Legacy • General Patterns: Linked to Cultural Sub-Nationalism • Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ from Region to Region (eg. Middle East: Religious Parallel Governance Organizations • What are the Universals of Local Governance

  27. Coffee Break • Fifteen Minutes

  28. The Nature of the Municipality • The Primary Unit of Government • Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County) • Continental Europe- Integration of Town and County • One of these two patterns exported overseas

  29. Danish Local Government • 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic) • 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\ • 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services- Primary Education, Markets • 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations (System Support)

  30. Accountability in New Zealand

  31. What Local Government Does- Basic Services • Primary Roads • Water • Waste Removal • Primary Education • Basic Health • Basic Energy Supplies • Markets • Parking

  32. Lord Mayor’s Tradition

  33. U.K. System

  34. Models of Local Government • Strong Mayor • Strong Council- Executive Committee with Chair and Department Heads • City Manager (Town Clerk) System with appointed departments

  35. City Manager System

  36. Services Depend Upon- • Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and transfers • Planning- strategic priorities • Managing- implementation • Personnel- Access to skilled professionals (Power to Hire and Fire) • Community Trust • Social Cohesion

  37. “Rainbow Nation”- 1

  38. “Rainbow Nation-” 2

  39. Review: Distinctions: • Local state vs. Local Government • Functional vs. Territorial Control • Devolution- Urban vs. Rural • Subsidiarity- • higher units should not do what can be done by lower units

  40. Myth of the Panchayat?

  41. Has local Government Failed? • Implementation and Administrative Problems • Skills Shortages • Absence of Revenue • The Need for Institutional Training • International Donors and the Training Agenda

  42. Implementation: Rube Goldberg

  43. Has local Government Failed? • Failure to make a Needs Assessment • Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of Thought • Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs • Functions as Local State

  44. Local Government and Development? • How Developmental Is Local Government? • We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings.

  45. Decentralization Issues 1. Democracy and decentralization 2. Critiques of indirect Democracy 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous?) 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional conflict- the dangers of decentralization

  46. Decentralization and Foreign Aid

  47. Decentralization Issues 5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal models vs. urban/rural governance: towns and counties. Problem of urban bias 6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues: • a. financial limitations • b. local government staff: "bush postings.“ • c. community distrust

  48. Specialized Developmental Functions • Planning and Land Use Patterns • Issues- Ownership and distribution. • Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areas

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