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Inhabitants of UNDERC

Inhabitants of UNDERC. Biological Hierarchy. Diversity, Interactions. Communities. Demography. Populations. Behavior. Individuals. Individual Organisms: Behavior. Variety of topics Feeding Fighting Fornicating Habitat selection Home range and territoriality. Sexual selection

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Inhabitants of UNDERC

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  1. Inhabitants of UNDERC

  2. Biological Hierarchy Diversity, Interactions Communities Demography Populations Behavior Individuals

  3. Individual Organisms: Behavior • Variety of topics • Feeding • Fighting • Fornicating • Habitat selection • Home range and territoriality • Sexual selection • Competition for mates • Mate choice

  4. Population Ecology • Demography • Births & deaths • Reproduction • Mortality • Population growth models • Exponential growth • r  intrinsic rate of natural increase • Logistic growth • K  carrying capacity • Life history strategies • r vs. K selection • r selection • Many low quality offspring • “boom & bust” populations • Short lifespan • Highly productive • K selection • Few high quality offspring • Populations fairly constant • Long lifespan • Highly efficient • Continuum

  5. Community Ecology • Interactions between species • Competition • Predation • Parasitism • Mutualism • Species diversity • Species richness • Evenness • Patterns in species diversity • Theory of Island Biogeography • View some habitats as islands • Predict number of species • Patch size • Isolation from other patches

  6. Arthropods • Invertebrate vs. Insect • Entomology

  7. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Amphipoda, Isopods, fairy shrimp, Decopods (lobster) Class Diplopoda Millipedes Class Arachnida Scorpions, mites, ticks, spiders Class Insecta Order Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Plecoptera…

  8. Insect general info • 840,000 insects; ~104,000 in North America • Correct identification based on multiple characteristics: • General appearance (size, shape, color) • Form of body parts (antennae, legs, wings, bristles, etc.) • Location (habitat type, region) • Age (larva vs. adult) • Usually requires use of hand lens or dissecting scope to see pertinent features

  9. Insect Diversity • Diptera: flies • Coleoptera: beetles • Lepidoptera: butterflies & moths • Hymenoptera: bees & wasps • Odonata: dragonflies • Neuroptera: lacewings • Orthoptera: grasshoppers & crickets • Ephemeroptera: mayflies

  10. Why are insects so diverse? • Small body size • Allows separation of populations • Allows subdivision of resources • Short generation times (r-selection) • Allows quick response to environmental heterogeneity • Allows quick recovery from disturbance • Long history

  11. Collecting

  12. Neuroptera Lepidoptera Diptera

  13. Coleoptera Diptera (Tipulidae)

  14. Insect Ecology Module • Dr. Tony Joern, Kansas State University • Potential exercises • Foraging behavior of ants • Nutritional composition • Habitat differences • Distribution and abundance of an insect herbivore • Leaf miners • Abiotic and biotic factors • Habitat selection by odonates

  15. Phylum Chordata • Several classes of fish • Jawless fishes • Sharks and rays • Bony fish • Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders) • Class Testudines (turtles, tortoises) • Class Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards) • Class Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles) • Class Aves (birds) • Class Mammalia (mammals)

  16. Two stage life cycle Aquatic larvae Terrestrial adult Respiratory structures Gills (larvae) Lungs (adult) Skin Mucous and poison skin glands Three-chambered heart Ectothermic Egg-layers Must lay eggs in or near water Major groups Caudata Salamanders Anura Frogs and toads Class Amphibia

  17. Shelled amniotic egg Skin hard and brittle Many have bony plates under scales Three-chambered heart Ectothermic Major groups Turtles Snakes Reptiles

  18. Herp Traps • Pitfall traps • Useful for catching terrestrial arthropods and small mammals • Usually include drift fence to increase capture rate

  19. Herpetology Module • Dr. Matt Michel, St. Louis University • Lectures on ecology and phylogeny of herps • Field exercises • Collection of herps from UNDERC lakes and vernal ponds

  20. Class Aves • Many orders of birds • Columbiformes: doves and pigeons • Falconiformes: diurnal birds of prey • Apodiformes: hummingbirds • Gruiformes: cranes and rails • Piciformes: woodpeckers • Strigiformes: owls • Anseriformes: ducks and geese • Galliformes: chickens and turkeys • Passeriformes: perching birds

  21. Many orders of mammals Rodentia: rodents Chiroptera: bats Soricomorpha: shrews and moles Carnivora: cats, dogs, bears, weasels, raccoons Lagomorpha: rabbits Artiodactyla: ungulates Class Mammalia

  22. Mist Nets

  23. Mammal Traps Tomahawk traps Sherman traps Leg-hold traps

  24. Noninvasive Techniques Scent Stations Bat Detectors Trailmaster Cameras Observation Tracking Stations

  25. Ornithology/Mammalogy Module • Lectures on ecology and conservation of birds and mammals • Field exercises • Exciting morning exercies (birding, mammal trapping) • Fun night exercises (howl surveys, owling) • Radio telemetry • Class projects • Bird diversity • Small mammal foraging behavior

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