REGENTS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM

1. REGENTS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM The Scientific Method through Photosynthesis "What we want is to see the child in pursuit of knowledge and not knowledge in pursuit of the child.“ George Bernard Shaw "Would a child who spent every day doing basketball drills without ever having the joy of playing a game of basketball enjoy basketball enough to become good at it?“ Lalia Kerr "One must learn by doing the thing. For though you think you know it, you have no certainty until you try.“ Sophocles Friday, January 26th, 2007

2. Name __________________________________________ Date __________________ Period _________ Directions: This test covers material from the very beginning of the year though photosynthesis. It is designed to let you, as well as your teacher, know how you are doing. Place the letter corresponding to the correct answer on the line to the right of all multiple-choice questions. For free-response questions, put your response in the space provided. In all cases, make sure that your answer is addressing what the question is asking. Leave no naked numbers or unanswered questions. Questions left blank will be marked off at twice the rate of a wrong answer. Think back to our examples in class, your notes, and the book. Relax, good luck, and have fun! 0. Why does the word “Pirate” have only one “ARRRR!” in it? 1. What is the main purpose of a carbohydrate? A. Quick Energy B. Insulation C. Weight D. Information _________ 2. What is the process used to hook together monomers into a polymer? A. Exothermic reaction B. Condensation Synthesis C. Glycolysis D. Hemisolvent _________ 3. If Sir Henry Florence-St. Claire’s microscope has an eyepiece with 10x magnification, and a high power objective of 43x, what is the total magnification of his ‘scope under high power? Show how you got your answer in the space below. 4. An ionic bond is the strongest chemical bond. What does it involve? A. Sharing electrons between three atoms to increase the strength. B. Swapping electrons with other atoms C. Completely transferring electrons from one atom to another. D. Moving protons to create a positive charge. _________ Questions 5-7 refer to Carbon, an element on the periodic table. 5. Carbon is element number six on the periodic table, so it’s atomic number is six. How many protons does carbon have? 6. How many electrons does carbon have in its first shell? How many does it have in its second? 7. How many more electrons does carbon need to have a full valence shell of electrons?

3. 8. Which row contains a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its building blocks? Row Building Blocks Macromolecule A glucose molecules DNA B simple sugars lipid C amino acids protein D nucleotides starch _________ 9. In the space below, draw an atom of Lithium. Lithium atomic number is 3. Include electrons, protons, and neutrons, as well as the appropriate electron shells. 10. The molecule below is most likely A. A nucleic acid B. A lipid C. A protein D. A carbohydrate _________ 11. In plants, monosaccharides are least likely to be A. linked together to form proteins B. broken down into carbon dioxide and water C. used as a source of energy D. stored in the form of starch molecules _________ 12. What is the purpose of the mitochondrion? A. To create polypeptides. B. To make energy for the cell. C. To make proteins. D. To hook amino acids together. _________ 13. Molecule X moves across a cell membrane by diffusion. Which row in the chart below best indicates the relationship between the relative concentrations of molecule X and the use of ATP for diffusion? _________ A B C D

4. 14. What is the relationship between the three items pictured below? A. DNA is made up of proteins that are synthesized in the cell. B. Protein is composed of DNA that is stored in the cell. C. DNA controls the production of protein in the cell. D. The cell is composed only of DNA and protein. _________ 15. An enzyme known as RUBISCO enables plants to use large amounts of carbon dioxide. This enzyme is most likely active in the A. Nucleus B. Mitochondria C. Vacuoles D. Chloroplasts _________ 16. Starch molecules present in a maple tree are made from materials that originally entered the tree from the external environment as A. Enzymes B. Simple sugars C. Amino acids D. Inorganic compounds _________ 17. Which change in a sample of pond water could indicate that heterotrophic microbes were active? A. Increase in ozone level B. Increase in glucose level C. Decrease in oxygen level D. Decrease in carbon dioxide level _________ 18. Which condition is necessary for enzymes and hormones to function properly in the human body? A. These chemicals must have a specific shape. B. These chemicals must be able to replicate. C. Body temperature must be above 40°C. D. Body pH must be above 10. _________ 19. Which order of metabolic processes converts nutrients consumed by an organism into cell parts? A. digestion → absorption → circulation → diffusion → synthesis B. absorption → circulation → digestion → diffusion → synthesis C. digestion → synthesis → diffusion → circulation → absorption D. synthesis → absorption → digestion → diffusion → circulation _________ 20. In the space below, state the purpose of the small intestine, and describe at least two processes or chemicals that it uses to do its job.

5. Questions 21 - 23 are based on the diagram below. Each letter represents a different species on an evolutionary tree. 21. Which two organisms are most closely related? A. F and I B. A and G C. F and H D. G and J _________ 22. The most recent ancestor of organisms D and F is A. A B. B C. C D. I _________ 23. Which organisms are extant (the opposite of extinct)? A. I and H B. A, E and G C. C and D D. H and D _________ 24. A scientist wants to determine the best conditions for hatching brine shrimp eggs. In a laboratory, brine shrimp hatch at room temperature in glass containers of salt water. The concentration of salt in the water is known to affect how many brine shrimp eggs will hatch. Design an experiment to determine which of three saltwater concentrations (2%, 4%, or 6%) is best for hatching brine shrimp eggs. In your experimental design, be sure to: • state how many containers to use in the experiment, and describe what would be added to each container in addition to the eggs • state two factors that must be kept constant in all the containers • state what data must be collected during this experiment • state one way to organize the data so that they will be easy to analyze • describe a result that would indicate the best salt solution for hatching brine shrimp eggs You man continue on the next page 

6. 25. Describe how two of the cell structures listed below interact to help maintain a balanced internal environment in a cell. Mitochondrion Ribosome cell membrane nucleus vacuole In your answer be sure to: • select two of these structures, write their names, and state one function of each • describe how each structure you selected contributes to the functioning of the other 26. An artificial cell is created by placing a plastic bag in a beaker of water (figure1). The key below shows what chemicals are in the bag and in the beaker. Predict what would happen over time by showing the location of molecules I, G, and S in diagram B of figure 2. Figure 1. Figure 2. 27. State what is observed when there is a positive test for starch using the starch indicator Iodine. 28. Which statement concerning proteins is not correct? A. Proteins are long, usually folded, chains. B. The shape of a protein molecule determines its function. C. Proteins can be broken down and used for energy. D. Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars. _________

7. 29. The diagram below represents a cell organelle involved in the transfer of energy from organic compounds. The arrows in the diagram could represent the release of A. ATP from a chloroplast carrying out photosynthesis B. Oxygen from a mitochondrion carrying out photosynthesis C. Glucose from a chloroplast carrying out respiration D. Carbon dioxide from a mitochondrion carrying out respiration _________ 30. Which set of terms best identifies the letters in the diagram below? _________ 31. A science researcher is reviewing another scientist’s experiment and conclusion. The reviewer would most likely consider the experiment invalid if A. The sample size produced a great deal of data B. Other individuals are able to duplicate the results C. It contains conclusions not explained by the evidence given D. The hypothesis was not supported by the data obtained _________ A B C D 32. The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z. Bird X is most likely A. Certhidea B. Geospiza C. Camarhynchus D. Platyspiza _________

8. 33. Identify one problem with the dichotomous key used in question 32. 34. The graph below represents data collected from an experiment in which two species were grown in varying environments. Which conclusion can be drawn from information in the graph? A. Oxygen concentration affects population sizes of different species in the same manner. B. Species A requires a high oxygen concentration for maximum population growth. C. Species B requires a high oxygen concentration to stimulate population growth. D. Low oxygen concentration does not limit the population size of either species observed. _________ The chart below relates several different compounds, represented by boxes, and several different processes, represented by arrows. Use the chart to answer questions 35 – 37. 35. Explain why process 2 is essential in humans. 36. Identify Process 3. 37. Identify what compound X represents.

9. 38. What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis? 39. When light hits chlorophyll, chlorophyll looses an electron. If it did not receive any more electrons, the molecule would eventually run out of electrons, and fall apart. Where does chlorophyll get more electrons? 40. Cellular respiration occurs A. In special, energy-producing cells B. Only in cells that can make their own food C. In all cells D. Only in lung cells _________ 41. Give an example of a hetrotroph and of an autotroph. 42. What process does the formula below represent? C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP A. Cellular respiration B. Photosynthesis C. Triptonyquinol biomorphism D. Reduction _________ 43. Photosynthesis has two main processes which are listed below. Under each name, describe the purpose of each process. THE LIGHT REACTIONS THE CALVIN CYCLE 44. What does the ribosome do in a cell? 45. The cell membrane has many functions. Name one of them below.