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Chapter 11: The Islamic World

Chapter 11: The Islamic World. Section 2: The Spread of Islam. Expansion of Islam. Abu Bakr becomes successor to Muhammad Caliph - “successor to the Prophet” Unites Arabic tribes Expands Islamic influence northward. Umar. Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliph

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Chapter 11: The Islamic World

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  1. Chapter 11: The Islamic World Section 2: The Spread of Islam

  2. Expansion of Islam • Abu Bakr becomes successor to Muhammad • Caliph- “successor to the Prophet” • Unites Arabic tribes • Expands Islamic influence northward

  3. Umar • Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliph • Strong leader with a well-run government • Muslim Empire includes Syria, Persia, and North Africa

  4. Arab Policies • Conquered with war and treaties • Did not require people to convert to Islam • Accepted Christian and Jewish teachings • Could choose to accept Islam or pay extra taxes • Some who refused to convert were killed

  5. Continued Expansion • Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death, Muslims controlled part of India and much of North Africa • Gained control of Mediterranean islands for trade routes • By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered Spain and brought Islam to Europe

  6. Division in the Islamic Community • Disagreements about who should be caliph • Uthman (successor of Umar) was murdered; Ali is chosen as successor • Mu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman) accuses Ali of helping the killers • War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes caliph

  7. Sunni • Muslims who accepted Mu ‘awiyah as caliph • Followers of the Sunna; “way of the Prophet” • Believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle the religious matter

  8. Shi ‘ah • Insist that descendants of Ali should be caliph • Imams - Ali’s descendants – should decide religious and worldly matters • The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn • The division still exists today; only 10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah

  9. Sufi • Simple lives centered around God • Faith of God was the only mark of a person’s worth • Rabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first female Sufi mystic • Poetry and writings still inspire Muslims today

  10. Questions: • What two empires did the Muslims engulf during its expansion? • What made Islam so successful in its expansion? • Why is the Dome of the Rock significant to Muslims? • Why did Muhammad want an unmarked grave?

  11. Empire Continues to Spread • Berbers led a Muslim army to Spain under Tariq • Crossed between Africa and Europe- known as Jabal Tariq (Rock of Gibraltar) • Became known as the Moors; ruled Spain for 700 years

  12. The Turks and Islam • 1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends and Turks become ruling force in Islam • Turkish troops settle around Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph • Turks loyalty begin to shift to a sultan- ruled the Turks; claimed to serve the caliph

  13. The Turks and Islam • 1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia Minor • Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. • 1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion slowed; Christians began to capture cities in the West- Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the East

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