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Nervous System 2

Nervous System 2. By: Conley Jacobs, Bahar Sheikhi, Madison Guiffre, and Ruston Keene. What is the nervous system?. The system that transmits signals between different parts of the body using neurotransmitters (5). Keywords.

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Nervous System 2

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  1. Nervous System 2 By: Conley Jacobs, Bahar Sheikhi, Madison Guiffre, and Ruston Keene

  2. What is the nervous system? The system that transmits signals between different parts of the body using neurotransmitters (5).

  3. Keywords Neurons: The nervous system’s cells. When it is the cell that delivers the information it is known as the presynaptic cell (3). Axons: Long projections of the neuron; electrical impulses travel through (3). Receptor Cells: The cell that receives information from the neurons, also known as the postsynaptic cell (3). Chemical Synapse: A narrow space between neurons and the receptor cells where neurons signal to each other and to the receptor cells; such as muscle cells (3).

  4. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters: These are chemicals that give the information from the nervous system cells to other cells, whether they be neurons or not (7). • Diffuse across the chemical synapses (7). • Stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic cell (7). • ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA

  5. Movement of Neurotransmitters • An electric impulse (action potential) moves down the axon towards the chemical synapse. (4) • The electric impulse causes vesicles that contain neurotransmitters to move towards the axon’s membrane. (4) • The neurotransmitters that were within the vesicles are also released into the synapse with the help of calcium ions. (4) • The vesicles are released via exocytosis. (4) • The neurotransmitters diffuse throughout the synapse, where they remain until bound onto receptors found on the postsynaptic membrane (7). • This binding causes the opening of passageways for ions to diffuse through (7).

  6. Movement of Neurotransmitters Image

  7. Examples of Neurotransmitters Examples: Acetylcholine (ACh) • Chemical Synapses between motor neuron and muscle cell • Binds to receptors on the membrane of the muscle cell (7). • Important to activate muscle movement (7). Serotonin • Inhibitory neurotransmitter • Found in the gut and brain; regulates movements in the intestine and contributes to happiness (6). • Works similarly to acetylcholine • Binds to receptors as well

  8. ACh

  9. Role of Calcium • Channels for calcium ions line the presynaptic cell’s membrane (7) • The arriving action potential causes electrical depolarization, that causes these channels to open, allowing a flow of calcium ions, greatly increasing the concentration inside the cell (7) • Calcium-sensitive proteins attached to vesicles containing the neurotransmitters then cause the vesicle to fuse with the membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.

  10. Electrical to Chemical Signal • The electrical impulses from the neuron, in the form of action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal. • This electrical signal causes the release of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal. • The vesicles then release the neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic channel receptors, as a chemical signal (8).

  11. Electrical to Chemical Signal

  12. Summarize

  13. References 1. ""Classic" Chemical neurotransmission." The Mind Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. <http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/flash/synapse_1.swf>. 2. "Biology, Eighth Edition (Raven)." Chemical Synapse. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. <http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter44/chemical_synapse.html>. 3. Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. AP edition Biology. 8th ed. New York: Benjamin/Cummings, 2008. Print. 4. "Nervous System: Facts, Function & Diseases." LiveScience.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. <http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html>. 5. "Neuroscience For Kids." - neurotransmitters. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. <http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html>. 6. Nordqvist, Christian. "What Is Serotonin? What Does Serotonin Do?" Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 4 Aug. 2011. Web. 03 Nov. 2013. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248.php>. 7. Starr, Cecie, and Ralph Taggart. "34.3 Chemical Synapses." Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub., 1992. 580-81. Print. 8. "Graphics Gallery: An Antibody Molecule." Graphics Gallery: An Antibody Molecule. National Health Museum, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2013.

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