1. Molecular Genetics Part 1: DNA

2. Types of organic molecules • ___________________________ • Sugars • ___________________________ • Fatty acids and glycerol chains • ___________________________ • Amino acid chains • ___________________________ • Deoxyribose and Ribose

3. Where located • Inside _________ • In nucleolus

4. What is it made of? • Phosphate group • Sugar • In DNA its _________ • Nitrogenous base • Has nitrogen in it

5. Different types • Purines • _______________________________________ • __________________-__________________

6. Different Types cont… • Pyrimidines • _____________ _____________ • _____________ _____________

7. Base pairings • One purine and one pyrimidine join to form a base pair • ______ with ______ • _______ with ______ • Joined with ________ bonds • Forms a __________

8. Molecular Genetics Part 2: Replication and RNA

9. Replication • _____________________Replication • __________strands are the templates • Strands get seperated, new strands built onto them

10. DNA orientation • DNA has 2 strands • Each strand is oriented in a _________directions • The two ends of the strands are called the ___and ___ ends. • This refers to the carbon atom that the next nucleotide is bonded to.

11. DNA Replication cont… • _________ “unzips” molecule • RNA primer added • DNA ____________ adds bases in two ways • Leading Strand is the section that gets bases added at the 3’ end. • Lagging Strand build away from replication fork and form__________________. • Replication Animation • Replication Animation 2

12. RNA • Similar to DNA • Single Stranded • Sugar is________ • Uses _________ instead of thymine • 3 types • _______- copies DNA • _______-forms ribosomes • _______- holds amino acids and used in transcription

13. Molecular Genetics Part 3: Transcription and Translation

14. Central Dogma • Definition • A settled or established opinion, belief, or principle. • Genetics central dogma has to with how DNA is expressed as genes or traits • DNA to RNA to ___________ • Proteins are what control the expression of all traits

15. Transcription • First step of central dogma • DNA must be synthesized into RNA • Occurs in ___________ • DNA is unzipped and RNA Polymerase binds to a section called the ______________ strand • Polymerase begins to copy that section with RNA bases

16. Transcription cont… • RNA strand continues to grow • As Polymerase finishes with DNA it zips back up • When finished the RNA polymerase detaches and the RNA goes out into the _____________

17. RNA processing • Before RNA leaves nucleus, protective and identification pieces are added • Cap added to 5’ end • _____________________added to 3’ end

18. Translation • In translation, genetic information is transformed into proteins • After the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus it finds a_____________

19. Ribosomes • Has 2 units, large and small • Sandwiches the mRNA • 5’ end of the mRNA inserted first • Moves from _________ • Once connected transcription begins

20. Translation cont… • Ribosome serves as a docking station for the mRNA and tRNA • mRNA carries the genetic information, the tRNA carries the __________________ that will form the proteins

21. Translation cont… • tRNA is looking for combinations of 3 nucleotides • A ______________ • Each codon indicates the code for a different amino acid

22. Translation cont… • tRNA come in one at a time • Ribosome can hold up to 3 tRNAs • As the tRNA comes in it adds the amio acid to the rest forming a chain • _____________ • Chain ends when a stop codon is read

23. Mutation • Permanent changes to the DNA of a cell • Many types, all involve a change in some way • ___________________________ • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • What are the consequences of mutations? • Diseases • Improper function

24. Causes of Mutation • Spontaneous • DNA polymerase has a mistake rate of 1 in 100,000. • Usually fixed, only 1 in 1,000,000,000 go unfixed • __________________ • Radiation • __________________

25. Body vs Sex cell Mutation • Which one is worse? • In body cells, mutations not repaired get passed onto future daughter cells • Mutations in sex cells are passed onto offspring

26. Are mutations good or bad? • Bad • They may cause problems for the individual or offspring • Neutral • Many parts of your DNA doesn’t code for anything • If the unused parts mutate it has no effect • Good • ______________ is driven by mutation