Evolution Review 7A

1. Evolution Review7A

2. Describe the conclusion that can be made about the fossils in layer A and layer B. Layer B contains younger fossils. Layer A contain older fossils. Layer B contains fossils from more complex organisms. Layer A contain fossils from less complex organisms.

3. The diagram above shows a series of bone structures in four different species of vertebrates. Explain how these structures support the theory of organic evolution. The similarity in structure suggests that maybe these organisms evolved from a common ancestor.

4. Which species is most closely related? How do you know? Human and Chimpanzee The sequence of amino acids is identical.

5. For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have (1) developed in a common environment(2) developed from the same earlier species(3) identical genetic makeup(4) identical methods of obtaining food

6. According to one theory, similarities in these embryos suggest common ancestry. As these embryos mature, they will most likely  (1.) develop new organs according to the nutritional requirements of each organism  (2.) show no similarity as adults  (3.) continue to closely resemble each other as adults  (4.) develop the distinctive characteristics of their species

7. A study of the position and shape of the bones in the forelimbs of a flying squirrel, a bat, and a beaver showed that the beaver and the flying squirrel appear to be most closely related. This was most likely based on a study in the field of comparative  ______. anatomy

8. In undisturbed layers of rock, fossils of horseshoe crabs may be found in the upper layer, and a lower layer contains fossils of trilobites. Trilobites are extinct aquatic arthropods resembling modem horseshoe crabs. This information suggests that • horseshoe crabs will soon become extinct • horseshoe crabs and trilobites are completely unrelated organisms (3) horseshoe crabs may have evolved from trilobites (4) trilobites may have evolved from horseshoe crabs

9. The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely (1) complex single-celled organisms(2) complex multicellular organisms(3) simple single-celled organisms(4) simple multicellular organisms

10. Describe Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. Organisms with favorable adaptations will survive, reproduce and pass on the trait to offspring. Organisms with unfavorable adaptations will not survive. Therefore that trait will not be passed on to offspring.

11. Identify The parts to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. • Differences among the organisms within a species exists. • A species produces more offspring than can actually survive. • Organisms will struggle with each other for limited resources. • Overtime, a species can evolve into different species. • Organisms that are most fit will survive, reproduce and pass on the trait to offspring. variation overproduction competition speciation speciation

12. Which concept would be correctly placed in box X? (1) use and disuse     (2) variation              (3) transmission of acquired traits (4) changes in nucleic acids

13. What part of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection is this diagram representing? • Which has the favorable adaptation? How do you know? variation Medium size mice because they are able to survive better.

14. According to Charles Darwin, one factor that affects the evolution of a species is  (1.) variation due to genetic mutations  (2.) rapid fossil formation  (3.) survival of the fittest  (4.) exposure to environmental pollutants

15. The diversity within the wild bird species in the diagram below can best be explained by which process? (1) natural selection   (3) ecological succession(2) asexual reproduction (4) mitotic cell division

16. Why is there a branching pattern in the circled region labeled X? Changes in the environment caused some species to become extinct. Different species evolved because of inbreeding There were no new species evolving at this time. Changes in the environment caused some different species to develop.

17. “Evolution is the result of long periods of stability interrupted by geologically brief periods of significant change.” This concept is called: gradulism natural selection geographic isolation punctuated equilibrium

18. Which of the following is most likely to cause an organism to become extinct? A mutation develops. The major change in the environment occur.s and organisms cannot adapt. DNA is not readily passed on to offspring . Malnutrition occurs over an organism’s lifetime.

19. The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations. Which concept is represented in the diagram? 1. survival of the fittest 2. dynamic equilibrium 3. succession 4. extinction

20. Studies of the finches of the Galapagos Islands have shown that DNA will change to produce structures needed by birds to survive intense competition a bird’s beak changes annually in response to the type of food that is most abundant each year natural selection occurs when there are scarce resources and intense competition the beak of a finch will change if the environment of the bird remains stable

21. 4. Fossil records indicate that between 80 and 60 million years ago the structure of the horned dinosaur underwent rapid changes separated by long periods of stability. This pattern of change best illustrates the concept of • use and disuse (2) punctuated equilibrium (3) gradualism (4) enzyme specificity

22. Which statement about the species is correct? (1) Species A, B, C, and D came from different ancestors.(2) Species C evolved from species B.(3) Species A, B, and C can interbreed successfully.(4) Species A became extinct.

23. 1. Which species was the first to become extinct? 2. Which species appears to have been most successful in surviving changes in the environment over time? D B

24. 1. Which letter represents a common ancestor for species C and E? 3. Which species are least likely to be vital parts of a present-day ecosystem? K E and J

25. 1. Which species in the diagram have become extinct? 2. Which species is considered to be the common ancestor of the rest of the species? C, D, H, O and P A

26. Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram? (1) Evolution does not involve gradual change.(2) Evolutionary changes can result in extinction.(3) Evolution begins with plants.(4) Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.

27. Which population of organisms would be in greatest danger of becomingextinct? • A population of organisms having few variations living in a unchanging environment. (2) A population of organisms having few variations living in an changing environment. (3)A population of organisms having many variations living in a unchanging environment. (4)A population of organisms having many variations living in an changing environment.

28. The idea that evolution takes place at a continuous but very slow rate is known as (1) succession (2) artificial selection(3) punctuated equilibrium (4) gradualism

29. When penicillin was introduced, it was immediately effective in combating staphylococcus bacterial infections. After a number of years, there were outbreaks of staphylococcal infections that did not respond to treatment with penicillin. The best explanation for this situation is that • members of the original population of bacteria that were penicillin resistant survived and reproduced, creating a more resistant population • the bacteria that survived exposure to penicillin learned to avoid it • the bacteria that caused the new outbreaks were from populations that had never been exposed to penicillin • during each generation, the bacteria modified their own DNA to increase their ability to resist penicillin and passed this ability on to their descendants

30. A small village was heavily infested with mosquitoes. The village was sprayed weekly with an insecticide for several months. The population decreased rapidly within the first two months. However, the population started to increase after the third month. 1. Why were some mosquitoes able to survive the first spraying? 2. Why did the effectiveness of the insecticide decrease over time? Those mosquitoes had a mutation that made them resistant. Mosquitoes that had a mutation reproduced by mitosis and created more resistant mosquitoes.

31. The Florida panther, a member of the cat family, has a population of fewer than 100 individuals and has limited genetic variation. What inference can be made according to the information given? If the environment changes, they could become extinct.