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Understanding Evolution: Fossils, Homologous Structures, and Natural Selection

Explore the concepts of evolution, natural selection, and adaptation through the study of fossils, homologous structures, and the effects of environmental changes.

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Understanding Evolution: Fossils, Homologous Structures, and Natural Selection

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  1. Evolution Review

  2. 1. They are the youngest of all the layers. Organisms have evolved over time.

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  6. 6. They are in the lowest layer of sedimentary rock.

  7. 7. The term "evolution" is best described as • a process of change in a population through time • a process by which organisms become extinct • the reproductive isolation of members of certain species • the replacement of one community by another

  8. 8. Which pair of structures are homologous? (1) wing of an insect and wing of a bird(2) tentacle of a hydra and flipper of a whale(3) front leg of an insect and bones in the leg of a human(4) bones in the front leg of a dog and bones in the wing of  a bat

  9. 9. Describe the conclusion that can be made about the fossils in layer A and layer B. Layer B contains younger fossils. Layer A contain older fossils. Layer B contains fossils from more complex organisms. Layer A contain fossils from less complex organisms.

  10. 10. The diagram above shows a series of bone structures in four different species of vertebrates. Explain how these structures support the theory of organic evolution. The similarity in structure suggests that maybe these organisms evolved from a common ancestor.

  11. 11. Which species is most closely related? How do you know? Human and Chimpanzee The sequence of amino acids is identical.

  12. 12. For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have (1) developed in a common environment(2) developed from the same earlier species(3) identical genetic makeup(4) identical methods of obtaining food

  13.   13. According to one theory, similarities in these embryos suggest common ancestry. As these embryos mature, they will most likely  (1.) develop new organs according to the nutritional requirements of each organism  (2.) show no similarity as adults  (3.) continue to closely resemble each other as adults  (4.) develop the distinctive characteristics of their species

  14. 14. In undisturbed layers of rock, fossils of horseshoe crabs may be found in the upper layer, and a lower layer contains fossils of trilobites. Trilobites are extinct aquatic arthropods resembling modem horseshoe crabs. This information suggests that • horseshoe crabs will soon become extinct • horseshoe crabs and trilobites are completely unrelated organisms (3) horseshoe crabs may have evolved from trilobites (4) trilobites may have evolved from horseshoe crabs

  15. 15. The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely (1) complex single-celled organisms(2) complex multicellular organisms(3) simple single-celled organisms(4) simple multicellular organisms

  16. 16. Describe Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. Organisms with favorable adaptations will survive, reproduce and pass on the trait to offspring. Organisms with unfavorable adaptations will not survive. Therefore that trait will not be passed on to offspring.

  17. 17. Identify The parts to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. a. Differences among the organisms within a species exists. b. A species produces more offspring than can actually survive. c. Organisms will struggle with each other for limited resources. d. Overtime, a species can evolve into different species. e. Organisms that are most fit will survive, reproduce and pass on the trait to offspring. variation overproduction competition speciation Natural selection

  18. 18. Which concept would be correctly placed in box X? (1) use and disuse     (2) variation              (3) transmission of acquired traits (4) changes in nucleic acids

  19. 19. What part of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection is this diagram representing? 20. Which has the favorable adaptation? How do you know? variation Medium size mice because they are able to survive better.

  20. 21. The diversity within the wild bird species in the diagram below can best be explained by which process? (1) natural selection   (3) ecological succession(2) asexual reproduction (4) mitotic cell division

  21. 22. Why is there a branching pattern in the circled region labeled X? Changes in the environment caused some species to become extinct. Different species evolved because of inbreeding There were no new species evolving at this time. Changes in the environment caused some different species to develop.

  22. 23. “Evolution is the result of long periods of stability interrupted by geologically brief periods of significant change.” This concept is called: gradulism natural selection geographic isolation punctuated equilibrium

  23. 24. Which of the following is most likely to cause an organism to become extinct? A mutation develops. The major change in the environment occurs and organisms cannot adapt. DNA is not readily passed on to offspring . Malnutrition occurs over an organism’s lifetime.

  24. 25. The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations. Which concept is represented in the diagram? 1. survival of the fittest 2. dynamic equilibrium 3. succession 4. extinction

  25. 26. Studies of the finches of the Galapagos Islands have shown that DNA will change to produce structures needed by birds to survive intense competition a bird’s beak changes annually in response to the type of food that is most abundant each year natural selection occurs when there are scarce resources and intense competition the beak of a finch will change if the environment of the bird remains stable

  26. 27. Fossil records indicate that between 80 and 60 million years ago the structure of the horned dinosaur underwent rapid changes separated by long periods of stability. This pattern of change best illustrates the concept of • use and disuse (2) punctuated equilibrium (3) gradualism (4) enzyme specificity

  27. 28. Which statement about the species is correct? (1) Species A, B, C, and D came from different ancestors.(2) Species C evolved from species B.(3) Species A, B, and C can interbreed successfully.(4) Species A became extinct.

  28. 29. Which species was the first to become extinct? 30. Which species appears to have been most successful in surviving changes in the environment over time? D B

  29. 31. Which letter represents a common ancestor for species C and E? 32. Which species are least likely to be vital parts of a present-day ecosystem? K E and J

  30. 33. Which species in the diagram have become extinct? 34. Which species is considered to be the common ancestor of the rest of the species? C, D, H, O and P A

  31. 35. Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram? (1) Evolution does not involve gradual change.(2) Evolutionary changes can result in extinction.(3) Evolution begins with plants.(4) Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.

  32. 36. The effects of natural selection are generally seen most quickly in which organisms? (1) bacteria (2) humans (3) corn plants (4) cats 37. Which event is the best example of competition between species in a pond environment? (1) dragonflies landing on lily pads (2) frogs and toads eating flies (3) lizards and snakes lying in the sun (4) hawks eating mice

  33. 38. Which population of organisms would be in greatest danger of becomingextinct? • A population of organisms having few variations living in a unchanging environment. (2) A population of organisms having few variations living in an changing environment. (3)A population of organisms having many variations living in a unchanging environment. (4)A population of organisms having many variations living in an changing environment.

  34. 39. The idea that evolution takes place at a continuous but very slow rate is known as (1) succession (2) artificial selection(3) punctuated equilibrium (4) gradualism

  35. 40. The diagram below shows the head structure of four different birds. The birds’ beaks show how the birds (1) compete for the same food in their community (2) require different amounts of food for survival (3) store food for the winter months (4) are adapted to get food from different sources

  36. 41. The drawing below shows a woodpecker using its long, sharp beak to obtain insects. What factor might contribute to the extinction of this species of woodpecker? (1) a new source of food (2) an overabundance of trees (3) the use of pesticides in the forest (4) an increase in the population of insects

  37. 42. The eyes of the owl and the rabbit shown in the diagram below give each animal a different advantage. The front-facing owl eyes allow the bird to accurately judge distance when swooping in on prey. The side-facing rabbit eyes allow the animal to detect the motion of possible predators. The specialized eye types of these animals are examples of (1) disruptions of the natural balance (2) the interdependence of living things (3) adaptations for survival under certain conditions (4) involuntary responses to stimuli

  38. Preserved in Amber Sap is a substance secreted by some trees. Many years ago, plants and small animals were caught in the sap on the trees. Sap hardens and turns into a clear substance called amber. The plants or animals are preserved as fossils in the amber. Part of a plant preserved in amber is shown below. 43. Explain why fossils are important to scientists. They represent evidence to support evolution. They show that organisms have evolved over time.

  39. 44. The diagram below shows two different-colored moths resting on a tree trunk. How does this difference in pattern and color affect the moths’ ability to survive in the environment? The darker moth can blend on to the tree and hide from predators. This is a favorable adaptation. The light colored ones will most likely be eaten by predators and this trait will disappear over time.

  40. 45. When penicillin was introduced, it was immediately effective in combating staphylococcus bacterial infections. After a number of years, there were outbreaks of staphylococcal infections that did not respond to treatment with penicillin. The best explanation for this situation is that • members of the original population of bacteria that were penicillin resistant survived and reproduced, creating a more resistant population • the bacteria that survived exposure to penicillin learned to avoid it • the bacteria that caused the new outbreaks were from populations that had never been exposed to penicillin • during each generation, the bacteria modified their own DNA to increase their ability to resist penicillin and passed this ability on to their descendants

  41. 46. A small village was heavily infested with mosquitoes. The village was sprayed weekly with an insecticide for several months. The population decreased rapidly within the first two months. However, the population started to increase after the third month. 1. Why were some mosquitoes able to survive the first spraying? 2. Why did the effectiveness of the insecticide decrease over time? Those mosquitoes had a mutation that made them resistant. Mosquitoes that had a mutation reproduced by mitosis and created more resistant mosquitoes.

  42. 47. The Florida panther, a member of the cat family, has a population of fewer than 100 individuals and has limited genetic variation. What inference can be made according to the information given? If the environment changes, they could become extinct.

  43. 48. According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce? • Some individuals pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. • Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are. • Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. • Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment.

  44. 49. Darwin's studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches' differences in beak structure were most directly due to  (1.) acquired characteristics in the parent finches  (2.) the size of the island where the finches live  (3.) mating behaviors of the different finch species  (4.) adaptations of the finches to different environments

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  48. 56.

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