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ADVANCED

ADVANCED. LEC 03. University of Rio Grande Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D . ORNITHOLOGY. Bird Origins Reference Chapters 1-2. Archaeopteryx. INVERTEBRATES. CHORDATES (vertebrates & tunicates & cephalocordates). Plantae. Animalia. Fungi. MULTICELLULAR. LIVING. EUKARYOTIC.

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ADVANCED

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  1. ADVANCED LEC 03 University of Rio Grande Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D. ORNITHOLOGY Bird Origins Reference Chapters 1-2 Archaeopteryx

  2. INVERTEBRATES CHORDATES (vertebrates & tunicates & cephalocordates) Plantae Animalia Fungi MULTICELLULAR LIVING EUKARYOTIC VISIBLE TO NAKED EYE

  3. Cephalochordata Urochodata Craniata (Vertebrata) Domain: EUKARYA Subphylums Kingdom: ANIMALIA Phylum: CHORDATA Class Order Family Genus Species

  4. 7 classes of Vertebrates + the “outgroups” MAMMALIA amniotic egg AVES limbs REPTILIA lungs AMPHIBIA jaws OSTEICHTHYES PRIMITIVE       ADVANCED vertebrae CHONDRICHTHYES AGNATHA no jaws Urochordata Cephalochordata no vertebrae

  5. Cladistic Systematics • Make _________________ • “clad” is Greek (klados) for branch, stem “gramma” Greek for picture • Traces evolutionary history • Base of tree: primitive traits/characteristics Top of tree: derived or _____________ traits/characteristics

  6. 2 DERIVED (______________) CHARACTERISTICS D Common ancestor B C A Common ancestor PRIMITIVE CHARACTERISTICS 1

  7. “most”__________characteristics “most”____________characteristics Characteristics

  8. 7 classes of Vertebrates + the “outgroups” MAMMALIA amniotic egg AVES limbs REPTILIA lungs AMPHIBIA jaws OSTEICHTHYES vertebrae CHONDRICHTHYES AGNATHA no jaws Urochordata Cephalochordata no vertebrae

  9. Create a CLADOGRAM _________________ _________________ Lungs, 3-chambered heart vertebrae

  10. VERTEBRATES: Two Groups • NON-AMNIOTES Hagfishes & Lampreys Sharks, Rays & Ratfishes Bony fishes Salamanders, Frogs, & Caecilians • _________________ Turtles Tuatara, Lizards, & Snakes Alligators & Crocodiles Birds Mammals

  11. Diversity of VERTEBRATES *__________ diversity among vertebrates AVES ~9-10,000 species Fig. 1-1 p4 PJH

  12. Archaeopteryx • First “KNOWN” bird • Know this name & how to spell it: Archaeopteryx • Translates to “__________” • 1st fossil found in _________ (i.e., modern day Germany in Europe), in 1860. One of six early on discovered • Tell-tale feathers in _______ ___________

  13. R reptilian reptilian R R A avian reptilian Archaeopteryx Late Jurassic (155-150 MYA) Germany

  14. Archaeopteryx …. features • Feathers had much more differentiated feathers than either Caudipteryx and Protoarchaeopteryx—two species which appeared “after” Archaeopteryx • Wing feathers differentiated into ___________ and secondaries—nearly identical to extant birds • ____________________ flight feathers—which enhances aerodynamics forces on the wing • After finding the 7th specimen, revealed a rectangular sternum which would add surface area for flight muscle attachment…further evidence it probably could fly. Probably took off by running and flapping wings. Modern day “__________” equivalent would be roadrunner…a ground dwelling, cursorial predator that takes to the air to escape a predator

  15. TERRESTRIAL ARBOREAL Archaeopteryx Neornithes 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fig. 16-25, p427 PJH

  16. Evolution of Derived Characters (Fig. 16-25) • .Grasping arms, swivel wrist joint, _________directed pubis • .____________ vane feathers on wings and tail, down-like feathers on body, long tail • ._____________ wing and tail feathers, longer arms, reduced tail

  17.  RIGHT LATERAL VIEWS OF PELVIS 1 Ornithischia PUBUS ORIENTED POSTERIORLY Early archosaur Saurischia

  18. Archosauromorphs Lepidosauromorphs ARCHOSAURS LEPIDOSAURS Ornithischia Saurischia BIRDS Pubis oriented posteriorly Fig. 16-2, p391 PJH

  19. Evolution of Derived Characters (Fig. 16-25) • Strut-like coracoid, fused pelvis, pygostyle, reduced foot claws • Increased skeletal fusion, deeper sternum, alula, shorter tail • Shorter back and tail, deeper sternum AND keel, more compact back and hip

  20. __________ coracoid 4

  21. 4 ____________ (dorsal view) ___________ fused caudal vertebrae (laternal view)

  22. Alula – feathers attached to “thumb” that help with aerodynamics of flight… especially with slowing down without stalling 5

  23. Deeper sternum ___________ 6 Arctic puffin

  24. Model of Microraptor (Dromaeosaurid) (American Museum of Natural History)

  25. Archaeopteryx - Reptile-like • ____________ structure (than modern-day birds) • ______________ in the facial region • ____________ • ____________ …in sockets • _________________

  26. Archaeopteryx - Bird-like • #1 – FEATHERS !!!! • ___________________with opposite side to form the WISHBONE (__________ is the scientific term) • _________ digits (3 forward, 1 back) • ________ • Etc.

  27. Archaeopteryx • Very much likely it could have flown… • but, probably could __________ flight • That lead to this possible scenario…

  28. Evolution “of flight” scenario 1 • ____________ trees at first only • Moving from _________________ (needed opposable toes for grasping)…__________ • …then ________ • and finally _______ 2 3 4

  29. Estimated 732 species by fossils alone Condor-like bid 16-17 ft. wingspan Toothless, present day forms of birds appear Birds start to “share” dominance with mammals Archeaopteryx “appeared” ~144 MYA Bird-like reptiles and reptile-like birds co-existed Mammals appeared 208-245 MYA Amphibians appeared 360-408 MYA Fishes appeared 400-500 MYA

  30. AGE OF BIRDS* Mass extinction of Dinosaurs & Reptiles Archeaopteryx “appeared” ~144 MYA *Increase of new species exceeded extinction rate

  31. Later Evolution…based on limited fossil records • Beginning of ______________ (~65 MYA) a) ____________ birds b) emergence of ___________ present today

  32. Later Evolution…PLEISTOCENE (~150 MYA) • Estimated 732 species by fossils alone • Condor-like bird (Teratornisincredibilis) largest ever (?) to fly..16-17 ft wingspan

  33. Periods of Extinction • MASS extinction: dinosaurs & reptiles ~60-144 MYA • Significant extinction: when giant mammals emerged, ________________—probably flightless birds—became extinct, too

  34. Age of Birds • With speculation, the ‘Age of Birds’ must have been _______________________ (see prior charts)...a span of ________________ • Increase of new species _____________ extinction rate • TODAY: rate of extinction exceeds the rate of new species…thus, the decline continues

  35. Classification & Diversity of Birds CLASS Aves ORDERS 29 FAMILIES 187 GENERA > 2,050 SPECIES >______

  36. Passeriformes (songbirds, perching birds, passerines) • Order with the most: Families 83 (next most is Charadriiformes… shorebirds…with 19) Genera1,161 (next most is Apodiformes… swifts and hummingbirds… with 128) Species5,712 (next most is Apodiformes… with 422)

  37. Classification & Diversity of Birds CLASS Aves _____________ “_____ jaw” 2 orders, 11 families, 63 species SUPERORDERS includes flightless birds ___________ “_____ jaw”

  38. Paleognathae = old jaw • Tinamiformes (47 species) • Ratities (no keel on their sternum) (16 species) A) Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries) B) Rheiformes (rheas) C) Struthioniformes (ostriches)

  39. Model of evolution of MODERN birds Modern ornithurines GILL: Fig. 2-15

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