What you have learned and how you can use it

1. What you have learnedand how you can use it 11-721: Grammars and Lexicons Parts I-III

2. Linguistic Tests: what you have learned • Tests can be used to make consistent decisions with higher inter-coder agreement than guesses or intuition. • Some specific tests that you can use for parts-of-speech and constituency in English.

3. Linguistic Tests:What you can use it for • Annotating corpora • Evaluating the quality of an annotated corpus

4. How languages differWhat you have learned • Parts of speech • Coding properties of grammatical relations • Word order of S, O, and V • Word order of old and new information • Relative clauses • Passive • Control constructions: • Coding as matrix subject/object • Control of adjunct clauses

5. How languages differWhat you can use it for • Any language technology system should be portable to any human language • Interlingua for machine translation • Must abstract away from the surface differences between languages • Word alignment algorithms: • Take into account the encoding of grammatical relations and old and new information. • A language you don’t speak is no longer a black box to you. • You can work on language technologies systems for langauges that you do not speak. • Of course you will need to work with someone who speaks it • Evaluate, do error-analysis, and trouble-shoot • DARPA tides Chinese and Arabic: most groups were working blind using only BLEU scores to guide system development

6. What languages have in commonWhat you have learned • Grammatical relations • Old and new information • Semantic roles

7. What languages have in common How you can use it • Design language technologies applications that streamline the parts that are common across languages: • Your English parser will not be totally different from your Hungarian parser.

8. Lexical Functional GrammarWhat you have learned • Encoding of grammatical relations in constituent structure • Language variation • Functional structure: • Independent of word order and grammatical encoding • Lexical Mapping: • How to assign semantic roles to noun phrases • A formalism for describing human language syntax that can be used by a parser. • Some ways of formalizing some rules for English syntax: • Active and passive sentences, matrix coding as subject/object, control by matrix subject/object, auxiliary verbs, negation, embedded clauses.

9. Lexical Functional GrammarWhat you can use it for • Write grammars for any language using the Tomita parser and GenKit • Design your own parser that: • Maps noun phrases onto semantic roles • Accounts for differences in encoding of grammatical relations • Accounts for similarities in behavior of grammatical relations

10. What you can do next • Language Technolgies for Computer Assisted Language Learning • Spring 2005 • Build three CALL systems using • speech recognition, parsing, pattern matching on trees • Grammar Formalisms • Spring 2006 • Learn more about LFG and other grammar formalisms • HPSG, TAG, Dependency Grammar, Categorial Grammar • See how the pieces can be put together in different ways  get a deeper understanding of what human language is and what an LT system has to do.

11. What you can do next • Formal Semantics • Spring 2006 • Machine Translation and MT Lab • Spring 2005 • Linguistics courses at University of Pittsburgh • Phonetics, Phonology, Syntax, Morphology, Field Methods