The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environments Module 3 Prevention

1. The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environments Module 3 Prevention

2. Module 3 Objectives • Introduce the concept of prevention • Outline strategies and procedures for IAS prevention in marine and coastal environments • Explain the concept of risk analysis • Discuss the limitations of prevention

3. What do we mean by Prevention? • Application of measures aimed at reducing species introductions • Applied to intentional or unintentional introductions: • E.g. EIA’s, permitting procedures • Shipboard ballast water treatment

4. Steps in the Hierarchical Approach • Prevention • Early detection & rapid response • Eradication • Containment • Long term control Zebra mussel

5. Why is Prevention so Important?

6. Why is Prevention so Important? • More cost-effective than other options • Lack of affordable technologies for targeted containment, eradication, control – especially in open coastal waters • Limited availability of biological controls for marine species • Ability of marine species to establish and spread locally once introduced “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”

7. 10 Principles of Prevention • Prevention better than cure • Risk analysis for intentional introductions • Minimise unintentional introductions by regulating pathways/vectors • Apply the precautionary approach • Regulate transfers within and between countries

8. Principles of Prevention cntd • No introductions to protected or vulnerable areas • Minimise risk (zero risk unrealistic) • Co-operate regionally & globally to manage pathways • Encourage public to become part of the solution • Prevention strategies must be supported by policy, legislation and resources.

9. Where can Prevention be Applied? Should be applied: • Pre-Border (risk assessment, certification, treatment etc) • Border (compliance assessment, quarantine etc) • Post-Border (early detection & rapid response) Prevention is the first and best line of defense.

10. Strategies for Marine IAS Prevention • Measures for regulating intentional introductions – focus on the species concerned • Measures for unintentional introductions – focus on management of the pathway/ vector

11. Strategies for Marine IAS Prevention Measures applied are usually a combination of some of the following tools: • Risk analysis • Authorisation procedures • Species lists • Treatment or management of vectors • Quarantine and/or border control

12. The Role of Risk Analysis People engage in risky activities every day on the assumption that the benefits outweigh the risks Risk is a combination of: - the likelihood of something happening - the severity of the consequences What is Risk?

13. What is risk? • Consider the following list: • Driving a car • Having X-rays for diagnosis • Riding a motorcycle • Smoking a pack of cigarettes per day • Fighting fires • Drinking a diet soda (saccharin • sweetened) per day Exercise: establish criteria and rank the above

14. Risk in the USA

15. How should a Risk Analysis be applied? With focus on: • Particular species • Assessment of invasiveness and impacts – used to determine if introduction should be allowed & permit conditions • Particular pathway • Assessment of the risk of introducing potentially invasive species as a result of certain activities – used to determine whether & what pathway management measures should be imposed.

16. Components of Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Identifying and evaluating the risks from a particular species or the risks associated with a particular pathway Risk Management Identifying what needs to be done to eliminate or reduce the risks Risk Communication Informing stakeholders about the risks and measures to be taken to manage those risks

17. Prevention of Intentional Introductions Intentional introductions include: • Species introduced for fisheries/ mariculture purposes (wild/ in captivity) • Species introduced for coastal management purposes • Aquarium trade

18. Prevention of Intentional Introductions Various frameworks for management: • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) (precautionary principle; cooperation with neighbours; pathogens) • International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) Code of Practice – incorporated in FAO CCRF (covers undesirable spp; “hitchikers”; aquarium introductions; GMO’s; permitting issues)

19. Prevention of Intentional Introductions • Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ cost-benefit analysis) • Species Lists • E.g. Black, White, Grey • Quarantine and border control • Authorised vs Illegal introductions Remember that permits and licences are only useful for authorised intentional introductions – many IAS have been introduced unintentionally or illegally (by smuggling).

20. Authorisation Procedures Some of the questions which need to be addressed: • What is the purpose of the introduction? • Could an indigenous species be used? • Is the species a pest elsewhere? • Does it have close relatives in indigenous biota? • What is the biology, preferred habitat etc? • What precautions can be taken to prevent hitchhikers? • Are there existing eradication/control programmes?

21. Prevention of Intentional Introductions • Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ cost-benefit analysis) • Species Lists • E.g. Black, White, Grey • Quarantine and border control • Authorised vs Illegal introductions

22. Species Lists • Used to facilitate assessments, border checks & post-border surveillance - Black: prohibited - White: may be authorised for specific purposes - Grey: those species for which rigorous assessments need to be done.

23. An importer wishing to bring in a new species (e.g. for mariculture or aquarium use) Gray list White list Black list Risk analysis undertaken – Import either: Low Risk - Acceptable High risk –Unacceptable A licence or permit is issued to bring in the organism. This states what quarantine conditions must be met and/or the treatment needed e.g. sterilization of parasites Relevant authorities inspect the new import to check compliance with permit conditions Audits are carried out to identify the importer is complying with conditions

24. Prevention of Intentional Introductions • Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ cost-benefit analysis) • Species Lists • E.g. Black, White, Grey • Quarantine and border control • Authorised vs Illegal introductions Remember that permits and licences are only useful for authorised intentional introductions – many IAS have been introduced unintentionally or illegally (by smuggling).

25. Quarantine and border control • Legal introductions – check compliance with permit conditions - verify species identity • Illegal introductions • Declarations from passengers • Inspections of baggage • X-ray screening of baggage or mail • Inspection of cargo manifests

26. Preventing Unintentional Introductions Main Pathways: • Shipping (ballast water & hull-fouling) • Marine debris • Canals More effective to manage a pathway or vector than to target specific species

27. Ballast Water IMO recommended management tools: • Voluntary Guidelines (1993/1997) • Minimise uptake by avoiding high risk areas • Clean tanks regularly • Avoid unnecessary discharge • Promoting open ocean exchange of ballast water • Promoting discharge to onshore reception/ treatment facilities

28. Open Ocean Ballast Water Exchange

29. Ballast Water IMO recommended management tools: • International Convention (2004) • Ballast water exchange as interim measure • Promoting treatment of ballast water • Sets standards for ballast water exchange and treatment

30. Ballast Water Treatment • R&D of alternative methods: • Acceptable methods must meet standards set in the • Convention • Filtration • Heat treatment • UV treatment • Ozone treatment • Chemical treatment (e.g chlorine) • Alternative ballast handling arrangements

31. Responsibilities of Ship Owners / Operators • Ship-board ballast water management plans • Ensuring ballast water exchange procedures • Certified ballast water treatment system (when required) • Record keeping and reporting

32. Responsibilities of Port / Coastal State • Development of compliance monitoring and enforcement systems (including reporting, inspection of ballast water management plans/ verification of ballast water exchange records etc) • Development of ballast water sediment disposal systems

33. Hull Fouling / Biofouling Many sub-vectors, each requiring different management approach: • Ships • Oil rigs, barges • Fishing vessels and equipment • Mariculture equipment • Recreational craft (e.g. yachts) • Marine debris • Other moveable submerged objects (e.g. rafts)

34. Regulation of Biofouling No international regime, but some national codes/ protocols: Management measures include: • Regular cleaning/ anti-fouling programmes • Education/ awareness programmes for vessel owners • Regulation of the hull cleaning industry (in water, on slipways & in dry docks) • Inspection of hulls

35. Canals • Incorporation of IAS issues into EIA process before development • To include impact / risk assessment /cost-benefit analysis • Use of locks where possible • Electric barriers have been effective in the great lakes (freshwater application) • Alternatives to canal development

36. Limitations of Prevention • Operational nature and economic imperative of the shipping industry • Transboundary movements of marine species • Large number and range of marine organisms • Considerable knowledge gaps in marine biology/ecology/taxonomy • Limitations to predictive abilities regarding invasions • Current lack of viable ballast water treatment options • Difficulties in managing biofouling without resorting to use of toxic substances

37. Life is Risky 1.Rank each of the following activities from the most risky (6) to the least risky(1) • Driving a car • Taking X-rays for diagnosis • Riding a motorcycle • Smoking a pack of cigarettes per day • Fighting fires • Drinking a diet soda (saccharin sweetened) per day. 2. You must provide the factors on which you have based your ranking system. After each group has completed their ranking, collate all the rankings and discuss the following: 1. Compare and contrast the rankings from the different groups. 2.Do the groups have different rankings? If so, what factors can this be attributed to? If they are different from the statitistics provided by the presenter, what can this be attributed to? 3. Note that risk to a particular person can be changed by altering their behaviour. In other words the risk can be managed.

38. When evaluating the potential risk of a species (e.g. for a management plan, for developing contingency plans or for evaluating permits) it is important to have as much information on the species as possible. The following are important to consider: 1. Biological information on species – reproduction, life cycle, fecundity (no. of eggs produced/ no. of offspring), growth rates, diet etc. 2. History of invasions in other countries- has it caused any major invasions, what impact have these invasions had etc. 3. Habitat- no preference, only sandy shores, mangroves, rocky shores etc. 4. Possible risk vectors- does it have planktonic larvae, (present in upper layer of the ocean and are normally very small and sometimes microscopic)which can easily dispersed by currents, attachments to flotsam/ hulls etc. In your groups consider the following:

39. Your country is a temperate region bathed by warm currents. However there are times when a retroflection from a cold current causes the water temperature to decrease. Most of the shoreline is rocky with seaweed beds; however there are some sandy beach patches in between. There are also a number of mangrove forests and estuaries. There are large fishing harbours and one major port on the coast. The following information has been provided for 4 fictitious species. Rank these species as: • No risk of invasion • Low Risk of invasion • Some Risk of invasion • High Risk of invasion • Use all the available information, rank each factor separately and then add up the scores at the end to determine the risk:

40. A B C D Growth rate Fast grower Fast grower Slow grower Slow grower Breeding rate (times/yr) 1/yr 2/yr 3-4/yr 2/yr Fecundity(no. of offspring per spawn) 50 000 100 000 250 000 50 000 Larval History Long planktonic Short Planktonic Direct development Short Planktonic Diet Omnivore Omnivore Herbivore Herbivore Habitat Mangroves Estuaries & Mangroves Not Selective Rocky Shores Natural Distibution Tropical Indian Ocean Tropics & Warm Temperate Tropics, Cold & Warm Temperate Cold & Warm Temperate Final size Small Large Large Small

41. Information has been provided for 4 crab species. From this information determine the following: • From the reproduction, determine as far as possible which species you think would be the most risky? • From its habitat preference and current distribution determine whether these 3 crabs would pose a threat to your country. Consider water temperatures, the structure of the coastline – rocky, sandy, lots of seaweed etc The following websites may assist you with species information: http://www.issg.org http://www.marine.csiro.au http://www.iisgcp.org http://www.museum.vic.gov.au http://www.mesa.edu.auhttp://www.seafriends.org.nz

42. Carcinus maenus Eriocheir sinensis Plagusia chabrus Hemigrapsus edwardsi Fecundity 200 000 250 000 – 1 million ? 26 000 Breeding rate 3 times/yr once, then dies ? 1-2/yr planktonic planktonic planktonic planktonic Larval history rocky shores among seaweed; subtidal no preference; marine & estuaries intertidal juveniles in salt/brackish water; fresh water for reproduction Habitat predator/omnivore omnivores, but primarily seaweed & invertebrates herbivorous predators Diet 100 mm size carapace 60 mm 80 mm 40 mm South Indo-Pacific; Australia, S.Africa, S.America Europe, Africa Australia, N. & S. America present distribution China, Europe, North America New Zealand