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Out of the sands of the Arabian Desert have come many wonderful things …

Out of the sands of the Arabian Desert have come many wonderful things …. Haram Mosque in Makkah. Hajj at the Ka'bah. Dome of the Rock (Israel). Royal Mosque (Pakistan). Samarra Mosque (Iraq). The Alhambra (Spain). Imam Mosque (Iran). Al-Razi & Ibn Sina. Al - Khwarizmi. Astrolabe.

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Out of the sands of the Arabian Desert have come many wonderful things …

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  1. Out of the sands of the Arabian Desert have come many wonderful things …

  2. Haram Mosque in Makkah

  3. Hajj at the Ka'bah

  4. Dome of the Rock (Israel)

  5. Royal Mosque (Pakistan)

  6. Samarra Mosque(Iraq)

  7. The Alhambra (Spain)

  8. Imam Mosque (Iran)

  9. Al-Razi & Ibn Sina

  10. Al - Khwarizmi

  11. Astrolabe

  12. A Thousand and One Arabian Nights

  13. Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

  14. Islamic calligraphy (Allah)

  15. Muhammad

  16. Five Pillars of Islam I. Profession of Faith

  17. II. Prayer

  18. III. Almsgiving

  19. IV. Fasting

  20. V. Pilgrimage

  21. Spread of Islam

  22. After the death of Muhammad… • Muhammad left no clear instructions on succession →prominent Muslims met & chose a caliph (successor) and expansion continued • Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law) • Umar (father-in-law) • conquered peoples retained land & religion • required to pay a special tax, known as the jizya • Uthman (son-in-law) • Ali (son-in-law: Fatimah)

  23. Divisions w/in Islam • In Syria, governor Muawiya refused to pay Ali allegiance & after the murder of Ali in 661, became the caliph of the entire Muslim world • This created a split in Muslim world – Ali’s followers refused to follow Muawiya & the concept of the caliph as a political leader → Shiite Muslims (Iran, some in Iraq & Lebanon) • Most Muslims followed Muawiya as caliph → Sunni Muslims (90% of all Muslims) • Sufi – dissatisfied w/ the worldliness of Muawiya & the Umayyad Dynasty, they focused on prayer, meditation, fasting & religious writing

  24. Umayyad Caliphate(661 – 750) • Stressed political rather than religious (ruled more like kings than caliphs) • Arabic official language • Minted Arabic currency, built roads & established postal routes • Jews & Christians were tolerated as people of the book, but paid a tax • Shiite areas were discontent

  25. Abbasid Caliphate(750 – 1258) • Anti-Umayyad Arabs joined non-Arab muslims to overthrow the dynasty & new caliph, Abu al-Abbas (descendant of Muhammad’s uncle) • Baghdad became the capital of the empire • More social equality → Persians dominated the bureaucracy, Turks dominated the army & Arabs controlled religion • However, many lands on the outskirts began to break free from the Abbasid Empire

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