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Wars in U.S. History: A Review

Explore the key conflicts that shaped the United States, from the French & Indian War to World War I. Discover the causes, major events, and lasting impacts of each war.

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Wars in U.S. History: A Review

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  1. EOC Review:Wars in U.S. History Mr. Johnson U.S. History

  2. French & Indian War • When? 1754-1763 • Who? British/Colonists vs. French/Indians • Why? Imperial conflict • Turning Points: Braddock fails; William Pitt takes charge • End of War? Treaty of Paris of 1763 • Results • France lost its N. Am. empire • War debt for British… taxation!!! • Proclamation Line of 1763 • Colonial militias… unity, military experience (Albany Plan)

  3. Revolutionary War • When? 1775-1783 • Who? British/Loyalists vs. Colonists/Patriots • Why? Independence, taxation, salutary neglect, land/expansion • Turning Points? Saratoga, Franco-American alliance • End of War? Treaty of Paris of 1783 • Results • Independence • Articles of Confederation

  4. Proclamation of Neutrality

  5. War of 1812 • When? 1812-1814 • President? James Madison • Who? U.S. vs. Britain • Why? Impressment, Indian attacks • Turning Points? Washington, D.C.; Ft. McHenry • End of War? Treaty of Ghent; Battle of N.O. • Results • Wave of nationalism • Era of Good Feeling • “2nd War for Independence” • Boosted American industry

  6. War of 1812 Homefront • Economy – helped industry; hurt shipping • Women & minorities – Indians were weakened b/c their British allies lost the war • Civil liberties - ??? • Media & public opinion – S&W supported war hawks; N&E opposed b/c they depended on English trade… Hartford Convention • Power of government – weak… failed invasion of Canada; strong… Battle of N.O. led to nationalism

  7. Mexican War • When? 1846-1848 • President? James K. Polk • Who? U.S. vs. Mexico • Why? Manifest Destiny, Texas border disputes • Turning Points? Bear Flag Revolt; Vera Cruz • End of War? Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Results • Mexican Cession • Manifest Destiny fulfilled • Wilmot Proviso/Compromise of 1850

  8. Mexican war Homefront • Economy – lots of new land; Homestead Act; RR construction • Women & minorities – Mexicans lost land • Civil liberties – Thoreau… Civil Disobedience • Media & public opinion – war was controversial b/c unfair to Mexico & spread slavery • Power of government – Strong… Manifest Destiny

  9. Civil War • When? 1861-1865 • President? Abraham Lincoln • Who? Union (North) vs. Confederacy (South) • Why? Slavery, states’ rights,tariffs & election of Lincoln; Ft. Sumter • Turning Points? Gettysburg; Vicksburg; Emancipation Proclamation • End of War? Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox • Results • Slavery abolished & 13/14/15th Amendments • Reconstruction of the south • National supremacy over states • Bloodiest war in American history

  10. Civil War Homefront • Economy – helped northern industry; hurt southern agriculture • Women & minorities – Af Am slavery ended/13/14/15 amendments; women nurses in Red Cross • Civil liberties – suspension of habeas corpus; martial law • Media & public opinion – Lincoln was controversial b/c of racial issues & b/c war was long & costly • Power of government – Strong… national supremacy beat states rights

  11. Indian Wars • When? Late 1800s • President? Johnson through Harrison • Who? U.S. vs. Plains Indians • Why? Manifest Destiny, land, gold, RRs • Turning Points? Sand Creek, Ft. Laramie, Little Big Horn • End of War? Ghost Dance/Wounded Knee • Results • See next slide

  12. Indian Wars Homefront • Economy – new land… Homestead Act; RRs • Women & minorities – Indians lost land… Dawes Act assimilation; Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Shows; Buffalo Soldiers • Civil liberties - • Media & public opinion Century of Dishonor – U.S. had broken treaties with Indians • Power of government – “from sea to shining sea”

  13. Spanish-American War • When? 1898 • President? William McKinley • Who? U.S. vs. Spain • Why? imperialism; USS Maine; Yellow journalism • Turning Points? San Juan Hill, Manila Bay • End of War? Treaty of Paris • Results • Short, sucessful war (“splendid little war”) • Spain loses its empire • U.S. gains an empire (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico) • Platt Amendment (Cuba)

  14. Spanish-American War Homefront • Economy – empire was a boost to trade • Women & minorities – annexed citizens didn’t have full rights (i.e. Filipinos) • Civil liberties - ??? • Media & public opinion – “splendid little war”; yellow journalism; popular war • Power of government – strong b/c we won war quickly

  15. World War I • When? 1914-1918 • President? Woodrow Wilson • Who? Allied Powers vs. Central Powers • Why? Assassination of F.F.; submarine warfare • Why US involvement? Zimmerman Note • Turning Points? Trenches… stalemate; Russian Revolution • End of War? Armistice; Treaty of Versailles • Results • U.S. returns to isolationism, fails to join League of Nations • Red Scare in U.S./nativism • Wartime regulations/“Return to Normalcy” • Germany: war guilt & reparations

  16. World War I Homefront • Economy – boosted b/c of war prod’n; shortages of food… victory gardens, farmer profits • Women & minorities – women in factories… 19th amendment; segregated armed forces • Civil liberties – Espionage and Sedition Act; Schenck v. US; • Media & public opinion – pro-war propaganda; neutrality changed to involvement • Power of government – strong for war economy; weak b/c Wilson’s League of Nations failed

  17. World War II • When? 1939-1945 • President? F.D.R.; Harry S. Truman • Who? Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers • Why? Military aggression; appeasement; Lend-Lease; Pearl Harbor • Turning Points? Stalingrad, D-Day, Midway • End of War? Fall of Berlin (VE Day) Atomic bombs (VJ Day) • Results • Holocaust • Creation of United Nations • Cold War U.S. vs. Soviet Union

  18. World War II Homefront • Economy – pulled US out of depression; rationing; GI Bill to aid veterans • Women & minorities – Rosie the Riveter; Japanese American internment • Civil liberties – Four Freedoms speech • Media & public opinion – Pearl Harbor changed public opinion in favor of war • Power of government – draft; war prod’n board; atomic bomb

  19. Korean War • When? 1950-1953 • President? Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower • Who? U.S. & S. Korea vs. China & N. Korea • Why? 38th Parallel, N. Korea invaded S. Korea • Turning Points? U.N. invasion, Chinese invasion • End of War? 38th Parallel • Results • Containment of communism • Limited war • Civilian control over military (MacArthur fired)

  20. Cold War Homefront • Economy – fallout shelters; duck and cover; Taft Hartley Act • Women & minorities – nativism • Civil liberties – spies (Hiss & Rosenbergs); McCarthyism/Red Scare • Media & public opinion – Hollywood blacklist; • Power of government – space race; nukes; NASA; National Defense Education Act; CIA

  21. Vietnam War • When? 1965-1975 • President? L.B.J., Richard Nixon • Who? U.S. & S. Vietnam vs. N. Vietnam & Vietcong • Why? Domino Theory; Gulf of Tonkin • Turning Points? Tet Offensive, Pentagon Papers, Vietnamization • End of War? U.S. withdraws, South falls • Results • 26th Amendment • War Powers Act • Distrust of government/Social unrest

  22. Vietnam War Homefront • Economy – undermined LBJ’s Great Society; stagflation • Women & minorities – Civil rights & black power/New Left • Civil liberties – Kent State shootings • Media & public opinion – Pentagon Papers… plumbers… Watergate; antiwar movement; My Lai massacre; 1968 Dem. Convention • Power of government – draft; 26th Amendment; blank check… War Powers Act

  23. Grenada • When? 1983 • President? Ronald Reagan • Who? US vs. Grenadan Communists/Cuba • Why? Communist overthrow of Grenadan gov’t • Turning Points? n/a • End of War? Communists eliminated • Results • Vast US military superiority • Short, controlled war… no more “Vietnams”

  24. Panama • When? 1989 • President? George HW Bush • Who? US vs. Panamaian military • Why? Noriega… unfriendly dictator + drugs • Turning Points? n/a • End of War? Noriega imprisoned • Results • Short, controlled war… no more “Vietnams” • New Panamanian govt friendly to US • 1999… canal handed over to Panama

  25. Persian Gulf War • When? 1991 • President? George H.W. Bush • Who? U.N. vs. Iraq • Why? Iraqi invasion of Kuwait • Turning Points? n/a • End of War? Kuwait liberated • Results • Lopsided war: “Exorcising the ghosts of Vietnam” • Saddam left in power • Weapons inspections

  26. Bosnian War • When? 1995 • President? Bill Clinton • Who? N.A.T.O. vs. Bosnian Serbs • Why? Human rights • Turning Points? n/a • End of War? Dayton Peace Agreement • Results • Continuation of human rights policy • U.S. involvement limited to air campaign… no more “Vietnams”

  27. Somalia • When? 1993 • President? Bill Clinton • Who? U.S. vs. Somalian warlords • Why? Human rights • Turning Points? “Black Hawk Down” • End of War? U.S. withdraws troops • Results • Continuation of human rights policy • Reluctance to involve military in protracted peacekeeping efforts in Africa… • …U.S. did little to stop Rwandan genocide

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