Name/ Lamiaa Fathy Asal Specialization / poultry

2. Name/ LamiaaFathyAsal • Specialization / poultry • Supervisor / prof .Dr Hassan saber zeweil

3. Effect of vitamin c supplementation in diets on heat stressed rabbits

4. Introduction

5. Rabbits in tropical and suptropical regions: Rabbits are hoped to play an important role in solving meat production deficiency particularly in the developing countries. These developing countries are mostly localized in tropical and subtropical regions so, rabbits are suffered from many problems related to hot climate particularly heat stress. Rabbits tend to have a constant internal body temperature so, heat production must be coped the losses to maintain the body temperature constant. They do this by modifying their behavioural (ingestive and play) and physiological status (respiratory rate and peripheral temperature specially ear one) . Most of the sweat glands in rabbits are not functional and perspiration (evacuation of water via the skin) is never great because of fur, the only controlled means of latent heat evacuation is by altering the respiratory rate(Abd El-Samee, 1987). The comfort zone for rabbits is 15 to 20oC so, rabbits can withstand cold weather than warmer one. The metabolic rate increased by about 20% in rabbits when exposed to high air temperature ranged form 30 to 35 oC ( Gonzalez et al., 1971 ) while, the feed intake was decreased (Rakes et al., 1988 and Habeeb et al., 1993). The rectal temperature is considered as a good measure of core one and has been used by many investigators as an indicator for the response of animals to air temperature fluctuations (Dukes, 1984).

6. High ambient temperature causes: Economic losses in the rabbit industry due to its adverse effects on feed intake, live weight gain, feed efficiency,meat quality, mortality and health of rabbits (Fernandez et al., 1994; Marai et al., 1991,2002; Marai and EI-Kelawy, 1999). It also causes increased production of oxygen-derived free radicals,which may give rise to oxidative stress (Freeman and Crapo, 1982; Sahin and Kucuk,2003). The consequences of these processes include oxidative damage to membrane lipids, DNA molecules and protein (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989). Recent studies have shown that the detrimental effect of heat stress could be partly the result of oxidative stress (Bollengier-Lee et al., 1998; Sahin and Kucuk, 2003). Thus, diets enriched with natural antioxidants which cope with an excess of free radical produced upon oxidative stress could be used to alleviate the negative effects of high ambient temperature (Hussein, 1995; Wang et al., 2008;Tuzcu et al., 2008).

7. in poultry.Significantly lower plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, E, A, zinc and chromium and increased oxidative damage were observed in stressed poultry (Feenster, 1985; Sahin et al., 2002a, b; Sahin et al.,2003). Furthermore, reduced plasma protein concentration and markedly increased blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations have been reported in poultry subjected to high ambient temperature (Donkoh, 1989; Sahin et al.,2002a, b). Increased oxidative stress and elevated levels of glucose and cholesterol have been associated with a high risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Ascorbic acid synthesized in rabbit liver has been demonstrated to protect the animal from heat stress and improve disease resistance in rabbits by optimizing the function of the immune system. But during stress,ascorbic produced is rapidly consumed and amount synthesized fall below animal requirements. addition of ascorbic acid plays a modulating role during stress .Vitamin C or polyphenols increased the antioxidant enzymes in red blood cells (Dragsted et al., 2001) it play a role in protection as well as enhancement of the immune system of the infected rabbits (Elghaffar et al., 2000).. Sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate have an important role in alleviating heat stress by increasing water intake and thereby improving assimilation of rabbit body heat by enhancing evaporation mechanism (Abdel-Khalek, 1999 and Smith and Teeter, 1987, in broiler).

8. EFFECT OF SOME DIFFERENT SOURCES OF VITAMIN C ON PERFORMANCE OF NEW ZEALAND GROWING RABBIT IN HOT CLIMATES. By Sh. A. M. Ibrahim Department of Animal Production, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

9. EXPERIMENTAL Diets Control • Vit c • 0.4% • Rose • 2% • 2%+NACL • Orange peel • 2% • 2%+ NACL • Sorrel • 2% • 2%+ NACL

10. Table 1. The composition of the basal ration. * Vitamins and Minerals per one kilogram : Vit. A. 4000000 IU, Vit. D3 50000 IU; Vit. E 16.7 g, Vit. K 0.67 g, Vit. B1 0.67 g, Vit. D3 180000 IU, Coline chloride 400g, Pantothenic acid 6.67g, Niacin 1000 mg, Folic acid 1.67g, Biotin 0.07g, Manganese 10g, Zinc 23.3g, Iron: 25g, Calcium1.067g, Copper 600 mg, Selenium 0.033 g, Iodine 40 mg and Magnesium 133.4g. ** Calculated according to NRC (1977).

11. Table 2. The proximate analysis of rose, orange peel and sorrel % (on DM basis) ** Reported by Rinzler (1990)

12. Results

13. Table3:Growth performance as affected by some vitamine c supplementation to rabbit’s ration, (Means ±SD) a.b.c.d Means in the row bearing different letters, differ significantly (p >0.05)

14. Table 4:Blood parameters as affected by some vitamine c supplementation to rabbit’s ration,(MEANS± SD). a.b.c.d Means in the row bearing different letters, differ significantly (p >0.05)

15. Table 5 : Digistability coefficient as affected by some vitamine c supplementation to rabbit’s ration,(Means ±SD). a.b.c.d Means in the row bearing different letters, differ significantly (p >0.05)

16. Table 6 :Carcass characteristics as affected by some vitamine c supplementation to rabbit’s ration,(MEANS ±SD). a.b.c.d Means in the row bearing different letters, differ significantly (p >0.05

17. Conclusion

18. Inconclusion, it appears that rose, sorrel and orange peel can be used as natural growth promoters at the level of 2% without or with NaCl for improved either of growth rabbit performance, economic efficiency and immune system as well as can be used to alleviate heat stress in growing rabbits raised in summer conditions.

19. USING VITAMIN C AND SODIUM BICARBONATE TO ALLEVIATE THE EFFECT OF HEAT-STRESS ON RABBIT PERFORMANCE By H. A. Al - Shanti Dept of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric, AL- AzharUniv, Gaza, Palestine.

20. EXPERIMENTAL Diets • Control • 16 rabbits • Vit c • 16 rabbits • NaHCO3 • 16 rabbits

21. Table (1): Composition and chemical analysis of basal diet. 'Vitamins and minerals premix per kilogram contained Mg 66.78 Cu 03g,1333 mg, Sc 16.6 mg. 2n 11.79 mg, Fe 12.5 g, Vit A 200000 IU, ViLD3 150000 FU, ViLE 833g.Vit.B, 0.33 g, Vita, 3.33 g,VitB12 1.7mg. ViLB121.0g, ViLB5 8.33 mg, ViLK 033 mg. Pantodrenic acid 3.33 g, Biotin 33 mg, Choline chloride 200 g and Folic acid 0.83 g. " According to the A.O.A.C. (1990)

22. Results

23. Table (2):Means of growth performance parameters Flander rabbits as affected by different treatment. A,b : means within row having the same common letter are not significantly (P≤.05) different.

24. Table(3): Economical efficiency of Flander rabbits as affected by supplementation with either Vit C or NaHCO3. NIS: New Israel Shekal±0.2 Dollar.

25. Table(4):Blood hematology of Flander Rabbits supplemented with either Vit C and NaHC03 . A,b,c means in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<.05). RBC : Red blood cell Hb : Hemoglobine Ht : Hematocrite WBC:White Blood Cell N: Neutrophile M: Monocyte L: Lymphocyte

26. Table(5): Effect of treatments on some biochemical parameters of blood. A-c: means within row having thg same common letter are not significantly (P<0.05)different

27. Table(6):Carcass traits of Flander rabbit supplemented with Vit.C and NaHCO3. A,b,c means having the same common letter with in row are not significantly different; *: significantly (P<0.05). Dressing percentage = the weight of carcass, head, heart, liver and kidneys. Hot carcass weight = foreparts, hind part, lion part.

28. Conclusion

29. supplementing drinking water either with Vit. C or NaHCO3 may have substantial role when facing heat stress in growing rabbits.