THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history

3. Industrialism Begins • Industrialism • New economic system • Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power • Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages • Cottage industries • Began in the “textile” industry • Woven cloth

4. Industrialism Begins • Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • Begins in the mid 1700s • New Ways of Working • The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods • The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way • Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences • Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers • Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

5. The Beginnings of Industrialization • Rotating Crops • Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion • Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

6. Why did the IR begin in Britain? • Britain had all of the factors of production • Land, labor, and capital • Britain had the necessary natural resources • Coal, iron, rivers, harbors • Expanding economy encouraged development • Developed banking system, overseas trade (with colonies), economic prosperity • Political stability

7. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Changes in the Textile Industry • Flying Shuttle (1733) • John Kay • Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

8. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Spinning Jenny (1764) • James Hargreaves • One spinner could work eight thread at a time

9. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Water Frame (1769) • Richard Arkwright • Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

10. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Power Loom (1787) • Edmund Cartwright • Sped up the weaving process

11. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Changes in the Textile Industry • Cotton Gin (1793) • Eli Whitney • Multiplied the amount of cotton produced Result: • 1760: Britain Imports 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton; mostly processed by hand in cottage system • 1787: Britain Imports 22 million pounds of raw cotton; mostly processed by machines and water power • 1840: Britain Imports 366 million tons; mostly processed in factories by steam power • Development of Factories • Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing • First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

12. Necessity is the Mother of Invention • The process of inventing never ends, one invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

13. The First Factories

14. Improvements in Transportation • Steam Engine • Need for cheap, convenient power • Steam becomes important source of energy • James Watt improves the steam engine • Water Transportation • First steamboat “Clermont” • Robert Fulton in 1807 • Road Transportation • British roads are improved • Companies operate toll roads • Beginning of the railroad

15. Significance of the Steam Engine • Requires a specialized facility for its use near a ready source of coal • Coal mining • Changed the location of factories, freeing the factory to be located in the most economical location

16. The Railway Age Begins • Railroads Revolutionize Life • The Railroad System • Spurs industrial growth • Creates jobs • Provides cheaper transportation • Boosts many industries: agriculture, fishing • Causes people to move to cities

17. The Railway Age Begins • First Railroad Line • George Stephenson (1825) • Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829) • Used Stephenson’s “Rocket” • World’s first locomotive • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_rocket.shtml

18. The Impact of the Railroad

19. Industrialization • Industrialization Changes Life • Factory Work • Pays more than farms • Spurs the demand for more expensive goods • Rise of Industrial Cities • Urbanization – movement of people to city • Population growth provides work force, markets for goods • Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

21. The Working Class • Living Conditions • Rapid Urbanization caused: • Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection • Urban slums • Disease and sickness spread quickly • Life span is only 17 years • Lack of sanitary & building codes

23. The Working Class • Working Conditions • Average workday – 14-16 hours • 6 days a week, year round • Dirty, poorly lit factories • Mind-numbing monotony • Numerous injuries and death • No health insurance • No labor laws • Eventually replaced by machines • Huge population means large unemployment

24. The Life of the New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!

25. The Rise of the Middle Class • The Middle Class • Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class • Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals • Had a comfortable standard of living • Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

26. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Immediate Benefits • Creates jobs • Enriches nation • Encourages technological progress • Education expands • Cheaper goods, including clothing • Long Term Effects • Improved standard of living • Improved working conditions • Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

27. Industrialization Spreads • The Rise of Corporations • Stock • Limited ownership rights for company • Sold to raise money • Corporation • Company owned by stockholders • Share profits not debts • Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

28. Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire Economics • Policy of not interfering with business • “The Wealth of Nations” • Published by Adam Smith • Defended free markets & laissez-faire • Economic liberty guarantees economic progress • Economic natural laws • Self-interest • Competition • Supply and Demand

29. The Economists of Capitalism • Capitalism • System of privately owned businesses seeking profits • Malthus and Ricardo • Thomas Malthus • Believed populations grew faster than the food supply • Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result • David Ricardo • Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

30. The Rise of Socialism • Socialism • Factors of production owned by, operated for the people • Power of the Government • Government control can end poverty and bring equality

31. Radical Socialism – Karl Marx • The Communist Manifesto • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Fundamental Beliefs • Society divided into warring classes • The “haves” vs. the “have-nots” • The “haves” • Employers or bourgeoisie • The “have-nots” • The workers or proletariat • Prediction • The workers will overthrow the owners

32. The Future According to Marx • Capitalism will destroy itself • Inequality would cause workers to revolt • This would lead to communism • Society where people own and share the means of production • What are the “means of production”? • Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

33. Labor Unions and Reform Laws • What is a union? • Association formed by laborers to work for change • What do they do? • Negotiate for better wages and conditions • Who were the first to do this? • Skilled workers are the first to unionize • How were they able to do this? • Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

34. Labor Unions and Reform Laws • Reform Laws • Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization • Examples of reform laws • Maximum workday • Ending or limiting of child labor

35. The Reform Movement Spreads • Abolition of Slavery • Reformers help to end slavery • In British Empire (1833) • The Americas (1888) • Fight for Women’s Rights • Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848, Seneca Falls Convention • Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)