ABCs of “ QUOTATION ” INTEGRATION

1. ABCs of “QUOTATION” INTEGRATION ENG 4U South Collegiate Institute The English Department

2. What is a quotation? “For they are yet ear-kissing arguments.” • quo·ta·tion /kwoʊˈteɪʃən/ • –noun 1. something that is quoted; a passage quoted from a book, speech, etc. • 2. the act or practice of quoting. William Shakespeare

3. What does “integration” mean? in·te·gra·tion /ˌɪntɪˈgreɪʃən/ [in-ti-grey-shuhn] –noun 1. an act or instance of combining into an integral whole.

4. Why is this important? Integrating quotations is one of the most valuable skills in writing essays, persuasive texts and reports. An argument has no force without support, and quotations are the most powerful form of support.

5. Integrating Secondary Sources When you quote research and secondary sources, you must let the reader of your essay know. There should be a smooth transition between your voice, the primary quotes in the essay, and your secondary source(s).

6. Use these signal words… Acknowledges Adds Admits Argues Asserts Charges Claims Comments Concedes Concludes Denies Describes Emphasizes Explains Expresses Implies Insists Maintains Observes Points out Proposes Proves Rejects Remarks Responds Shows States Suggests

7. Kinds of Citations • Direct citations • Indirect citations

8. Direct Citation • Is when you copy a passage directly and put it in quotation marks • The Bible teaches that, “[i]n the beginning God created the heavens and the earth” (Genesis 1:1, NKJV).

9. Indirect Citation • Is when you paraphrase (say the author’s idea in your own words) the idea and use it in your text. • Example: As Wendy Martin has suggested, Emily Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death (625).

10. Indirect Sources An indirect sourceis a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259). Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

11. So… This lesson is about the A, B, C, D, E of quotation integration

12. A is for Accuracy • Quotations must reproduce the original sources exactly! • Accuracy of quotations in research is extremely important. • Do not change spelling, capitalization or interior punctuation • If you need to make a change put the alteration in square brackets […]. More on this later.

13. B is for Brevity • Keep quotations as brief as possible • Use only words, phrases, lines and passages that are particularly interesting, vivid, unusual or apt • Overusing quotations can bore your readers and might lead them to conclude that you are neither an original nor skillful writer • Overusing will also affect your “copied” percentage on turnitin.com

14. C is for Contextualization • A quotation should NEVER function as independent sentence in your essay. Your own thoughts must either precede or follow the quote. • Example • Hamlet also becomes infected by deceit when he plans “[t]o put an antic disposition on” (1.5.173).

15. Example • BAD EXAMPLE: • The ghost of King Hamlet tells his son about how Claudius accomplished the murder. “And in the porches of my ears did pour the leperous distilment […]” (1.5.63-65). Hamlet then agrees to avenge his father’s death. • What’s bad about it? • The quotation is present in the text but not integrated into what you are writing. • How does one fix this, then?

16. Example • GOOD EXAMPLE: • King Hamlet’ s ghost tells Hamlet that he was murdered when Claudius “in the porches of [his]ears did pour / The leperous distilment […]” (1.5.63-65). • The point here is that any quotation you use must be connected to your own sentence with words, and not simply a comma.

17. So the formula is… • Quotation Integration of Prose in three ways: • 1. Your own words, “Quotation” ( ). • 2. “Quotation”, your own words ( ). • 3. Your words, “Quotation”, your words ( ). • In all three cases, the quotation must be embedded into your own writing. It should not stand as a sentence on its own.

18. D: the 4th letter of the alphabet!!! The Rule of … 4 ! Four words or more….four lines or more… forty words or more!! If you use FOUR words or more you must cite the author If you cite more than FORTY words you set it off in a block citation

19. More than 40 words… Ultimately, devotional images of the pre-reformation period are designed to aid a soul in rising to God. Abbot Suger,of the Royal Abbey of St Denis describes a process of meditation caused by the lovely stained glass windows of the rebuilt ambulatory, which, elevates his inner being to some higher region of existence, closer to God. He says: Thus, when out of my delight in the beauty of the house of God – the loveliness of the many-colored gems has called me away from external cares, and worthy meditation has induced me to reflect, transferring that which is material to what which is immaterial, on the diversity of the sacred virtues; then it seems to me that I seem myself dwelling, as it were, in some strange region of the universe which neither exists entirely in the slime of the earth nor entirely in the purity of Heaven; and that, by the grace of God, I can be transported from this inferior to that higher world in anagogical manner (Stokestead, Medieval Art 269). Suger claims that looking at the coloured light of the windows causes his soul to journey to the Father of Lights. Suger studied the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, which gave him a background of Neo-Platonic thought for the develop The Abbott believed that through the stained glass the interior of the church was filled with the mystical presence of God, and contemplating the light facilitated a way for believers to rise to union with their Maker.

20. 3 or less lines of poetry • Three lines or less: Each line is separated by a slash ( / ), all punctuation and capitalization is retained (except for the final punctuation of the quote), and the parenthetical citation of the author’s name and line numbers is at the end of the sentence. • “Quote / quote / quote” (Bottoms 4-6). • Juliet says, “Deny thy father and refuse thy name; / Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, / And I’ll no longer be a Capulet” (Shakespeare 2.2.36-38).

21. 4 or more lines of poetry Four lines or more: this is what we refer to as a “block quote.” The poem is typed exactly as is appears on the page, and each line is indented 1 inch from the left margin. What does this look like?

22. 4 or more lines of poetry Juliet’s words reveal her immediate love for Romeo: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I'll no longer be a Capulet. (Shakespeare 2.2.35-38) The rest of the paragraph continues with normal margins; there is no further indentation.

23. E is for Explanation Explain your quotation! Always explain how your quotation relates to your topic sentence and the point you are making Example:

24. Example of explanation

25. Example of proper alteration… • If you would like to omit any part of a quote, simply insert spaced ellipses . . . , or brackets and spaced ellipses [. . . ] • Example: • “Roses are red / . . . / sugar is sweet and so are you” (Ski 1,3). • “It’s so hot [. . .] I could melt” (Ski 36). Please note that the SPACE BAR has been pressed between each period, but not between the period and the bracket.

26. Tips • To integrate secondary sources, use signal phrases just like for primary sources. • For example: As Bergreen points out, “Armstrong easily reached difficult high notes, the F’s and G’s that stymied other trumpeters” (248). “Bergreen points out” tells your reader that you have introduced another author.

27. Any Questions?