Splash Screen

1. Splash Screen

2. World Population Population growth and distribution influence where people live and how they change the natural environment. Section 1-GTR

3. World Population • death rate • doubling time • population distribution • population density • birthrate • natural increase • migration • demographic transition Section 1-GTR

4. Population Growth Population growth varies from country to country and is influenced by cultural ideas, migration, and level of development. • Nearly 7.1 billion people now live on Earth, inhabiting about 30 percent of the planet’s land. • Global population is growing rapidly and is expected to reach 9 billion by the year 2050. • Demography: The study of populations Section 1

5. Population Growth (cont.) • The Demographic Transition Model • The demographic transition model uses birthrates and death rates to show changes in the population trends of a country or region. • Most of the industrialized and technologically developed countries have reached zero population growth, in which the birthrate and death rate are equal. The Demographic Transition Model Section 1

6. Population Growth (cont.) • Rapid population growth presents many challenges to the global community: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Section 1

7. Population Growth (cont.) • Countries, such as Hungary and Germany, have experienced negative population growth, in which the annual death rate exceeds the annual birthrate. Section 1

8. Population Distribution World population distribution is uneven and isinfluenced by migration and the Earth’s physical geography. • Only about 30% of Earth is land. • Almost everyone on Earth lives on a little less than one-third of the planet’s land. Section 1

9. Population Distribution (cont.) • Population Density • To determine population density in a country, geographers divide the total population of the country by its total land area. • This does not account for uneven population distribution. World Population Density Section 1

10. World at Night (2000)

11. Population Distribution (cont.) • Population Movement • Many people are moving to urban areas, this is called Urbanization. • Push/Pull Factors are reasons people migrate to a new area. • Immigrants: People who move into an area. • Emigrants: People who leave (exit) an area. Section 1

12. Population Growth (cont.) • List some Push/Pull Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Section 1

13. Section 1-End

14. Global Cultures The spatial interaction of cultures can spread new ideas, establish trading relationships, cause wars, and build political partnerships. Section 2-GTR

15. Global Cultures • culture • cultural diffusion • culture hearth • language family • ethnic group • culture region Section 2-GTR

16. Elements of Culture Geographers divide the Earth into culture regions, which are defined by the presence of common elements such as language and religion. • A particular culture can be understood by looking at the following elements: • Language • Religion World Language Families Section 2

17. Elements of Culture (cont.) • Social Groups • Government and Economy • Culture Regions World Culture Regions Section 2

18. Cultural Change Internal and external forces change cultures over time. • The Agricultural Revolution • The shift from hunting and gathering food to producing food is known as the Agricultural Revolution. • Some of the farming villages evolved into civilizations. Section 2

19. Cultural Change (cont.) • The world’s first civilizations arose in culture hearths. • The most influential culture hearths developed in areas that make up the modern countries of: • Egypt • Iraq • Pakistan • China • Mexico World Culture Hearths Section 2

20. Cultural Change (cont.) • They have certain geographic features in common: • Mild climate • Fertile land • Located near a major river or source of water Section 2

21. Cultural Change (cont.) • Cultural contact among different civilizations promoted cultural change as ideas and practices spread through trade and travel. Section 2

22. Cultural Change (cont.) • Industrial and Information Revolutions • In the late 1700s and 1800s some countries experienced the Industrial Revolution, which led to social changes. • At the end of the 1900s, the information revolution opened doors for experiencing new cultures. Section 2

23. Section 2-End

24. Political and Economical Systems Political and economic systems provide the organization and power for groups of people to control Earth’s surface. Section 3-GTR

25. Political and Economical Systems • unitary system • democracy • traditional economy • market economy • mixed economy • command economy • federal system • autocracy • monarchy • oligarchy Section 3-GTR

26. Features of Government Territory, population, and sovereignty influence levels and types of governments in countries around the world. • Levels of government • Most countries have several levels of government, ranging from the national level to the village level. Section 3

27. Features of Government (cont.) • Two types of government systems are: • Unitary—the United Kingdom and France use this system. • Federal—the United States, Canada and Switzerland are three of many countries that use this system. Section 3

28. Features of Government (cont.) • All governments belong to one of three major groups: • Autocracy—rule by one person • A monarchy is another form of autocratic government. • Oligarchy—rule by a few people • Democracy—rule by many people Section 3

29. Economic Systems The three major economic systems are traditional economy, market economy, and command economy. • All economic systems must make three basic economic decisions: • What and how many goods and services should be produced Section 3

30. Economic Systems (cont.) • How should they be produced • Who gets the goods and services that are produced • These decisions are made differently in the three major economic systems: • Traditional—habit and custom determine the rules. • Market—this economy is based on free enterprise, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with only limited government interference. Section 3

31. Economic Systems (cont.) • Most market economies are actually mixed economies. • Command—the government controls the economy is this system. Section 3

32. Economic Systems (cont.) • Two types of command economies: • Communist—strict government control of the entire society • Socialist—three main goals of this type of economy: • An equitable distribution of wealth and economic opportunity • Society’s control, through its government, makes decisions about public goods. • Public ownership of services and factories that are essential. Section 3

33. Section 3-End

34. Resources, Trade, and the Environment Although people are dependent on the world’s natural resources for survival, certain economic activities can threaten humans’ future access to these resources. Section 4-GTR

35. Resources, Trade, and the Environment • natural resource • developing country • free trade • pollution • industrialization • developed country • newly industrialized country Section 4-GTR

36. Resource Management Natural resources must be managed to ensure future needs. • Because fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and other nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced, they must be conserved. Section 4

37. Resource Management (cont.) • Alternative energy sources: • Hydroelectric power • Solar energy • Nuclear energy The Global Economy Section 4

38. Economies and World Trade Countries with varying levels of economic development have become increasingly interdependent through world trade. • Geographers and economists classify all of the world’s economic activities into four types: • Primary economic activities—taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth Section 4

39. Economies and World Trade (cont.) • Secondary economic activities—raw materials are used to produce something new and more valuable. • Tertiary economic activities—provide services to people and businesses • Quaternary economic activities—the processing, management, and distribution of information The Global Economy Section 4

40. Economies and World Trade (cont.) • Factors affecting trade: • The unequal distribution of natural resources • Differences in labor costs • Differences in education levels Section 4

41. Economies and World Trade (cont.) • Barriers to trade: • Tariffs • Embargos • A quota on the quantity of a product that can be imported from a country • Many governments around the world have moved toward free trade. World Economic Trends Section 4

42. People and the Environment Economic activities have led to environmental pollution. • The water, land, and air have all been polluted due to human activity. • When humans harm natural ecosystems, they are also hurting themselves. Section 4

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50. Figure 8