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Heat is a form of energy: Joule ’ s experiment

Heat is a form of energy: Joule ’ s experiment. Mgh = W = Q and Q= mc T Work can raise temperature of the system. James Joule (1818-1889). Carnot ’ s engine of highest possible efficiency Carnot family. From Wikipedia,

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Heat is a form of energy: Joule ’ s experiment

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  1. Heat is a form of energy: Joule’s experiment Mgh = W = Q and Q= mcT Work can raise temperature of the system. James Joule (1818-1889)

  2. Carnot’s engine of highest possible efficiencyCarnot family • From Wikipedia, Carnot is the name of a celebrated French family in politics and science with the following members: • Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (1753-1823), mathematician and politician. • Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832), mathematician and eldest son of Lazare, one of the pioneers of thermodynamics. • Hippolyte Carnot (1801-1888), politician and second son of Lazare. • Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837-1894), son of Hippolyte, President of France, 1887–1894. • Marie Adolphe Carnot (1839-1920), son of Hippolyte, mining engineer and chemist. • A number of lycées, streets etc. are named after this family throughout France Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)

  3. Clausius and Kelvin statements of the 2nd low of thermodynamics Lord Kelvin(1824-1907): a transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible. Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888): heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.

  4. S = k lnW Boltzmann’s idea Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-1906)

  5. Robert Brown and Brownian motion Brown (1827): observed irregular movement of pollens in water under microscope. [First observation of “Brownian motion”: S. Gray, Phil. Trans. 19, 280, (1696). ] Major contribution of Brown: made sure non-organic particles also have Brownian motion, confirmed that Brownian motion is not a manifestation of life. Robert Brown

  6. Einstein, Brownian motion, and atomic hypothesis The Miracle year: Albert Einstein published 4 papers in the Annalen der Physik in 1905. • Photoelectric effect • Brownian motion • Special theory of relativity Which topic is his PhD thesis? Albert Einstein, 1905

  7. Jean B. Perrin Nobel Prize for physics: 1926 From Brownian motion to Avogadro number 1. 花粉在水中的布朗運動: d2 = 6Dt, D:擴散係數 2. 花粉在水中的運動受水的黏滯力: f = gv, g:阻泥係數 3. [D] = L2/T; [g]=[f]/[v]=M/T 4. [Dg] = ML2/T2 = [E] 5. 愛因斯坦: (i) 水分子撞花粉靜止的花粉因而獲得能量行布朗運動。 (ii) 花粉運動受黏滯力而將能量傳回水分子。 (iii) 要達成熱平衡需要Dg = kT = RT/NA (iv)亞佛加厥數NA=RT/Dg 實驗:量T, g, D,得NA Perrin: NA = 7×1023

  8. Joule Kelvin Clausius Rumford Helmholtz Carnot 1782 1820’s 1840’s-60’s 1882 Caratheodory Slater Onsager Gibbs 1880’s-90’s 1909 1930’s 1939 Katchalsky& Curran Broecker& Oversby Truesdell Coleman Noll Mitchell Collins Houlsby Prigogine Bowen 1980 1950’s 1960’s-70’s 1970’s,80’s,90’s 1950’s-60’s

  9. Ludwig Boltzmann came up with a way of getting a statistical measure of the likelihood of a particular configurations of nuclei and electrons

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