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Introduction to Visual Communication

This overview of television explores its historical development from the earliest experiments in the 1890s, highlighting key pioneers like Casselli, Paul Nipkow, John Logie Baird, and innovators of electronic television like Vladimir Zworykin and Philo T. Farnsworth. It covers the transition from mechanical to electronic systems, the establishment of television standards like NTSC and HDTV, and the production techniques that evolved alongside technology, including live broadcasting and videotape recording innovations.

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Introduction to Visual Communication

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  1. Introduction to Visual Communication Television

  2. Television • Like film – television is actually a series of still images presented to the eye in rapid succession • Earliest experiments in 1890s • Italian monk – Casselli • Pictures by wire

  3. Television • Mechanical Television • Paul Nipkow – scanning disk • Nipkow disk • John Loge Baird • Scottish inventor working with BBC • Launched the first system based on mechanical scanning

  4. Nipkow disk

  5. Television • Electronic television – cathode ray tube • Vladimir Zworykin • Iconoscope • Philo T. Farnsworth • Image Dissector

  6. Electron stream Electromagnetic yoke Filament Electron cloud

  7. Electronic scanning

  8. White light Beam splitter

  9. Color TV screens

  10. Television standards • National Television Standard Commission (NTSC) • Standard Definition (SDTV) • 4:3 aspect ratio • 525 lines of horizontal resolution • 30 frames per second • 60 fields per second • 2 fields per frame • Interlace scanning

  11. Television standards • High definition (HDTV) • 16:9 aspect ratio • 1080 lines of horizontal resolution • 30 frames per second • Progressive scanning

  12. Television production • Originally all television was live – except for films which were shown on TV • Multiple cameras were connected to a switcher • Camera shots were selected in real time and sent out over the air

  13. Transmitter Switcher

  14. Videotape • Ampex corporation invented the videotape recorder • Allowed television programs to be recorded and “mistakes” could be corrected

  15. Quadruplex Videotape

  16. Quadruplex

  17. Helical scan

  18. Helical scan

  19. Switcher VTR Live on Tape

  20. VTR VTR VTR Isolated Camera

  21. Film Style • Single camera production • One camera – film or video • Each shot is recorded individually • Entire program is assembled in post production through editing • Most hour-long dramas and some sit-coms

  22. Forcing perspective • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY_QVS0hE8g&feature=related

  23. Forcing perspective

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