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1. Chapter 3.1 Notes The Rise of African Civilizations 1. The Bantu people traveled through southern Africa, and had settled most of Africa by 400 AD, spreading their culture as they traveled.
2. The Berbers traded with west Africa.
3. The Berbers used camels to cross the Sahara Desert, because the camels could go for days w/out water.
5. 4. Ghana, the first large empire to rise from trading wealth, was located where trade routes came together. Ghanas rulers required passing people to pay a tax.
5. Ghana fell in the 1200 because of constant fighting between Ghana rulers and North African Muslims, the exhausted soil was too poor to farm, and the discovery of gold led to invaders.
6. 6. Ghana was replaced by the kingdom of Mali. Legend tells of a warrior king named Sundiata Keita who seized Ghana and then won control of Timbuktu, a major trading city.
8. 8. Sunni Ali, the leader of Songhai, drove the Berbers out of Timbuktu. His army took over the Berber salt mines. His empire became the largest in West Africa lasting until his death in 1492.
9. In 1591, Arab soldiers from Morocco attacked the Songhai and ended their empire.
10. People in the rain forest also built empires, such as Kongo and Benin.
9. 11. The country of Ethiopia today traces its origins back to Queen Makeda, who became queen of the kingdom called Saba (or Sheba) in 1005 BC.
12. Glory of the Kings, Ethiopias oldest known written history recounts how the Queen of Sheba visited with King Soloman of Israel.
13. Axum became a powerful trading city within Ethiopia.
