THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICS

1. THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICS

2. The New Government THE BIG IDEA: George Washington had to establish the Executive Branch of the new government. Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Past Experience: Main writer of the Declaration of Independence, Ambassador to France John Adams Vice-President Past Experience: Revolutionary Leader, Lawyer, influential Federalist George Washington President Past Experience: Commander of the Continental Army, President of the Constitutional Convention Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Past Experience: Personal Aide to Washington, author of many Federalist Essays Henry Knox Secretary of War Past Experience: General in Continental Army, Sec. Of War under Articles

3. TARIFF – a tax on imports STRICT CONSTRUCTION – the belief that the nation should be run exactly as outlined in the Constitution LOOSE CONSTRUCTION – the belief that the Constitution should be viewed as a loose framework of laws meant to guide but not to prohibit what was not explicitly contained in it WHISKEY REBELLION – revolt in Western PA against the federal government and the implementation of the tax on whiskey JAY’S TREATY – treaty between the US and GB which GB gave up claims to the NW Territory and which trade expanded between the two countries POLITICAL PARTY – group of people who try to influence politics

4. Hamilton’s Plan for National Debt • Congress accepted the plan based on a deal • move the Capital to Washington DC • Why would the Government want to add to $50 Million debt by adding the States debts? • Most debt was owed to foreign countries, merchants and speculators • did not want government to fail • wanted citizens to feel secure • Raise Money - Whiskey Tax and Tariff • Place this $ in a special fund • Repay debt with interest from it

5. Political Parties - Issues Begin • Hamilton’s Program started controversy • Strict vs. Loose Interpretation of the Constitution • Strict constructionist • Loose constructionist • French Revolution 1789 • English, French or Neutral • Whiskey Rebellion • Washington showed strength of the Government • Jay’s Treaty - Chief Justice John Jay • Americans stayed Neutral with war between Britain and France • Washington wanted to side with Britain even though France was first ally • people saw this as a sellout to the British • Failed to protect American merchants

6. 1. What was Hamilton’s plan for paying off the Revolutionary War debt? • Natl gov’t would take on States Debt • Whiskey tax and Tariff will be put into special fund • Creditors will be paid with interest from fund • 2.Why did some Americans oppose Hamilton’s plan? • objected to the interference of the federal government in local and state affairs • opposed taxes • 3.How did the French Revolution divide Americans? • Federalists opposed it seeing it as out of control • Jefferson’s people supported it as a noble extension of the American Revolution Federalist policies supporting order and stability in the 1790s sharply divided Americans. • 6.How did the views of the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists differ? • Federalists wanted a strong natl govt even if it meant the sacrifice of individual liberties • Jeffersonian-Republicans felt that preservation of liberties was the highest ideal 4.Why did the Whiskey Rebellion take place? - people were angry at the tax on whiskey which was critical to their economy • 5.Why did Jay’s Treaty cause controversy? • Many saw it as a betrayal of ideals they had fought for in the Revolution and as a sell-out to the British • Failed to protect American shipping from the British searches

8. Up here you write down the political opinions of each political party and their leaders • HOMEWORK – Mind Notes • Find pictures of the leaders of the new political parties or draw profiles • Label by political party and leader • Fill in thought bubbles with opinions of political parties Federalists Alexander Hamilton Democratic Republicans AKA Jeffersonian Republicans Thomas Jefferson

9. John Adams as President • XYZ Affair • France begins to attack our merchant ships because of Jay’s Treaty with Britain • Adams sends officials to negotiate treaty with France • French officials XYZ tried to extort $$ from the USA • American People “Millions for the defense, but not a cent for tribute.” • undeclared war on France

10. Adams Cont’d • Because of the Anger at foreigners • Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien - President has the right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries living in the US • Sedition - Fined or jailed if you speak out against the gov’t (used against Jeffersonian Republicans) • Republican Response • Jefferson and Madison • violation of the first amendment • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • state has the right to judge whether or not laws made by Congress are Constitutional • Nullification/States Rights

11. Election of 1800 • Spirit of 1776 - Jefferson • campaigning on the idea of liberty found in the Declaration of Independence • accused Adams of being a monarch • Spirit of 1787 - Adams • emphasis of order and the Constitution • Jefferson was a godless man who would lead the US into chaos • House of Representatives had to elect Pres. • First peaceful transfer of political parties

12. Why Adams Lost unfair judgement of his abilities more honest than most Presidents went against supporters in dealing with France failed to quiet critics and angered supporters Why Jefferson won leader of local government supporters better to risk too much freedom than too much government Started a permanent political party 1st Change of Political Parties (Revolution??)

13. Jefferson’s Democratic Agenda • Reduction of Government • reduced taxes • reduced size of Bureaucracy • Reduced size of the Army • Judicial Branch • Judiciary Act of 1789 - setup system (GW) • Judiciary Act of 1801 - increased # of Federal judges so that Adams could appoint them (JA) • Midnight Judges

14. Marbury vs. Madison • Jefferson tried to block federal judges • Jefferson ordered Madison not to deliver Marbury’s official papers to Congress • Marbury vs. Madison • Supreme Court did not have the power to let Marbury in • John Marshall declared Judiciary Act of 1789 Unconstitutional • Judicial Review Precedent - Supreme Court’s power to declare an Act of Congress or the President Unconstitutional

15. Louisiana Purchase • French used their control of the Mississippi to extort money from American farmers • Jefferson tried to make a deal • Slave Revolt in Haiti • All of Louisiana for $15 million • doubled the size of the U.S. • Lewis and Clark • find route to Pacific, contact Indians, gather information about resources - surveyors

16. Toussaint L’Ouverture

17. Western Expansion • Treaty of Paris 1783 • Ended the Revolutionary War • Created boundaries from Atlantic to the Mississippi • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Set up procedures for new states being added • Banned slavery in region covered (Ohio, Ill., Mich.etc) • Provided for public education in the region • Louisiana Purchase 1803

18. Effects of LA. Purchase • Doubled size of US • Eliminated France as rival • Control of Mississippi River • Westward Expansion • Problems with Democracy • Hard to govern such distances • Understanding needs of the Western Territory as it grows • New slave states? Slaveholder control of Congress?

19. Lewis And Clark • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark • Pioneered the Louisiana Territory • Jefferson’s Orders • Find a water route to pacific • Make friends with Natives • Survey the land • York – Capt. Clarks slave • Novelty to the natives • Sacajawea – Shoshone

20. Trans-Appalachian West • What made it attractive? • Lewis and Clarks Journals • Pike’s book about Southwestern People and Land • People • Hunters, Trappers and Fur Traders • Settlers and Land Speculators • People with unsavory pasts – criminals, scoundrels, ne’er do wells • Unorthodox religious groups, social reformers, idealists

21. LEADER DESCRIPTION of Leader PEOPLE (Tribe) RESPONSE of Tribe Little Turtle Military leader, won victories against settlers in the 1790s MIAMI Adopted some white culture, lived in peace, acceptance of white culture Handsome Lake Fought against settlers, confined to a reservation SENECA Acceptance on Native American terms, Blended Indian and White Culture Tenskwatawa “The Prophet” SHAWNEE Reject white culture, return to traditional native ways, leaned towards fighting Tecumseh War chief, brother of “The Prophet” SHAWNEE Unite and take military action against white settlers

22. Accomodation – accepting and attempting to make comfortable Assimilation – people of one culture blending into and becoming part of another Treaty of Greenville – Tricked by US to sign treaty which gave up 2/3 of Ohio Reservation – area that the government sets aside for Native Americans who lost their land Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison attacked Indians in Indiana forced them off their land

23. The War of 1812 – Mr. Madison’s War • Causes • British attacks on US shipping • Impressment • War Hawks – • Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun • Arming Indians and encouraging attacks on settlers in ORV • Excuse to conquer Canada • Course of War • Consequences • Hartford Convention • Treaty of Ghent • Panic of 1819

24. Life in the New NationChapter 7 The big idea is to realize the effects of each of the following events. You must actually think for yourselves. You will become enlightened. The U.S. becomes more democratic, bigger, and more efficient.

25. As American Population Grew People Moved WestUS Population Growth, 1780-1830 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of Persons in Millions What were the causes of this population growth? What were the effects of this population growth?

26. Technological Influence • Cotton Gin 1793 • Using the Cotton Gin, one worker could clean 1,000 lbs of cotton per day – 1,000 slaves without the Gin • Turned a profitless plant into the South’s most valuable cash crop • Accelerated the migration of southerners west in search of cotton-growing lands • National Road 1806 (Cumberland Road) • Nation’s 1st interstate highway authorized by Congress • Steamboats 1807 – Robert Fulton • Allowed boats to travel upstream • Allowed for growth of towns along river routes

27. Inventions and Innovations • In what ways have people tried to change their own lives or society in general? Do people always respond favorably to efforts toward change? Why, or Why Not? • Spirit of Improvement? • Focus on learning to better the condition of society • Enlightenment inspired well-educated Americans to take interest in Science and Medicine • Benjamin Rush – Benjamin Banneker • Industrial Revolution • Change in the way things are produced • Samuel Slater • 1st American Textile Mill (factory system) • Eli Whitney • Interchangeable Parts • Cotton Gin • EFFECTS?

28. Taming the Wilderness Roads, Rivers, Canals, and Railroads from 1820-1840

29. Steam Power • 1807 - Robert Fulton’s • Clermont steams up the • Hudson River • Inventors exploited steam • power • Cost of transportation and • Commerce were reduced • Canals • Erie Canal connects • Lake Erie to NYC in 1825 • By 1840, 3,000 • miles of canals are in use EFFECTS CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION EFFECTS EFFECTS • Railroads • 1828-The B&O Railroad • line becomes the nation’s • first railroad • 1840-U.S. has more miles • of track than any other nation • Roads • By 1833, the Cumberland Rd. • runs from Maryland to Ohio • New roads of stone and • gravel help Americans move • West EFFECTS

30. Transportation and Trade • An effect of the War of 1812 was improved transportation and communication. • This was an early form of the use of technology to improve the nation. • Roads, rivers and canals brought people together and moved raw materials and goods from one part of the nation to another. • It promoted trade and communication, westward expansion, and nationalism. • Rivers, roads, canals, and finally, the railroads, were the avenues of growth for the United States.

31. Roads • The earliest roads were nothing more than trails. • Many of the earliest roads were trails blazed by the Native Americans, such as the Appalachian Trail. • The National Road was an investment by the Jeffersonian government and was the first real link for communities and economic growth.

32. The Craze for Canals • Man-made rivers that were cut through the landscape to connect rivers and lakes with landlocked areas. • Allowed builders to control water depth and control obstacles such as currents. • Canal building ended with the advancement of the railroad as a more efficient system of transportation. • By the Civil War, the canal craze had ended in most areas of the U.S. due to economic downturns and the railroad.

34. Railroads • The first rails were laid in the 1820’s. • By 1830, the railroad had proved to be an efficient carrier of goods and people. • Railroads benefited by capital investment and government support.

35. Social and Religious Changes The Second Great Awakening • Anyone rich or poor, can win salvation • Salvation can be achieved through belief in Jesus Christ • People demonstrate their faith by performing good deeds • The bible is the final authority • People can be “revived” or brought back to faith by listening to preachers • Preachers can preach anywhere, including outdoor revivals

36. Chapter 8 - The Market Revolution Changes in the American Economy Northern Growth Southern Growth Growth of Nationalism Era of Jackson

37. The Market RevolutionAs factories and banks grew, the United States moved from a household economy to a market economy. • Define Market Economy • Comparing Household to Market Economies

38. Effects of a Market Economy • Manufacturing • centralized factories • free enterprise system • working outside the home • shopping • Banks • provided capital • uncontrolled lending • bank notes

39. The North - Northern cities and industries grew quickly between 1800 and 1850, bringing new wealth and new problems • Sectionalism - division of regions based on geographic, economic, and cultural differences • Farming in the Northwest • OH, IN, IL, MI, WI, MN • Industry in the Northeast • Former New England and Middle Colonies • Population Density, Industrialization • Growth of Cities • urbanization, tenements • Labor Disputes • strikes • unions Number of people (in millions)

40. The South - As cotton farming grew, so did the slave trade leading to several slave revolts South develops economy based on farming and slavery South has good conditions for farming Cotton Gin makes cotton manufacturing more profitable Rich landowners create huge plantations, relying on slave labor to grow cotton. Cottonocracy Cotton becomes the most valuable product in the South Industrial Revolution leads to growing textile industry which needs cotton to make cloth

41. South-DE, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA KY, TN, AL, MS, LA, AR Southern agricultural economy rural dependent on Northern Manufacturing Cotton becomes King spread west with invention of Cotton Gin Created New Political Power “Cottonocracy” Urban Growth in the South Slow, but there were cities Charleston, New Orleans, Richmond Slave System 1804 all northern states had ended slavery in some form 1808 importation of slaves illegal 1820 - 1.5 Million slaves 1850 - 3.2 million Slave Rebellions Denmark Vessy Nat Turner Effects passed laws against educating slaves restricted movement The Southern Section

42. Era of Good Feelings - (1817-1824) • James Monroe President • After War of 1812 • Feeling of Nationalism came to USA that had been missing since after the Revolution • Good Feelings • Nationalism • Incredible Growth • 1816 - 2nd Bank of the U.S. helped growth • Henry Clay’s American System • Protective tariff, national bank, federal aid for roads, bridges, and canals • Political parties faded • Three Political Giants • John C. Calhoun - SC, farmer, yale, intensity • Daniel Webster - MA, Lawyer, well-respected • Henry Clay - The Great Compromiser, KY

43. NATIONALISM • Adams-Onis Treaty - FL for $5 Mil • Strengthening of the Federal Government • Supreme Court Decisions • McCulloch v. Maryland - supported Nat’l Bank • Dartmouth College v. Woodward - protected Contracts • Gibbons v. Ogden - regulated commerce • Foreign Policy • Monroe Doctrine • U.S. not involved in foreign wars or foreign internal affairs • would not interfere with Western Hemisphere • The U.S. would not allow further colonization of Western Hemisphere • Any European power to attempt to control the Western Hemisphere would be seen as a hostile action against the U.S.

44. Whigs • political party formed to oppose Andrew Jackson • led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster • supported Clay’s American System • Protective tariff, national bank, federal aid for roads, bridges, and canals • slavery issue and annexation of Texas destroyed the Whigs • turned into Know-Nothings or Republicans

46. 2 New Political Parties • Election of 1824 • “The Corrupt Bargain” - Why is it called this?

47. On the left side of your notebooks for Homework:Read about the election of 1824 and 1828 and then Create a campaign poster that might have been used in the election of 1828. The poster should list Andrew Jackson’s qualifications for the presidency, include a memorable campaign slogan, and employ colorful visuals. Consult other resources when creating your poster ANDREW JACKSON FOR PRESIDENT - Hero of the Battle… - Distinguished service in the… - Honorable Service for the… - Dedicated advocate of… Old Hickory, dickory, dock His leadership will be as solid as a rock

48. Andrew Jackson in Office • Kitchen Cabinet - unofficial group of advisors • democrats and newspaper editors • Election of 1828 - Andrew Jackson Wins • Landslide victory after bitter campaign • More than twice the voters from 1824 • New Forms of Democracy • expanded suffrage • nominating conventions replaced caucuses • Spoils System • Patronage

49. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) First to have Vice President (John Calhoun) resign First to be nominated at a national convention--second term First target of an assassination attempt First born in a Log Cabin First to marry a divorcee Only first lady who smoked a pipe. First 'Toga Party' at the President's House First to use the pocket veto First to ride on a train First to be convicted of a contempt of court charge - in 1815 Andrew Jackson was fined $1,000 for contempt of court for refusing to lift martial law before receiving confirmation of peace. First former POW (Revolutionary War) Last Revolutionary War Veteran Only president to pay off the national debt Only veteran who served in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 Wounded in a duel at the age of 39, Jackson carried the bullet, lodged near his heart, to his grave One of four presidents to have a state capital named for him -- Jackson, Mississippi; Jefferson, Missouri;Madison, Wisconsin and Lincoln, Nebraska

50. Jacksonian Democracy • Nullification Crisis • Tariff of Abominations 1828 • John C. Calhoun • States Rights • Nullification Act • Henry Clay Compromise • The “Indian Problem” • Indian Removal Act • Trail of Tears • The “Bank War”