Passage Two CARGO DAMAGE AND LOSS

1. Passage Two CARGO DAMAGE AND LOSS

2. Review what we have leant last period Interpret the words and phrases 理货作业 理货单 分组理货法 恶劣天气状况 舱口天蓬 易碎件 归因于，属于 冷凝水空气循环 空气环流 机械通风 预防措施 横摇 纵摇 排水系统 隔票 遭遇 直接理货法 日报单

3. Vocabulary: encounter : meet with unexpectedly The vessel encountered a heavy storm during the voyage to South Africa. 1.An action for indemnity against a third person may ______ after the expiration of the year if brought within the time allowed by the law of the court seized of the case． • A．be carried out • B．encountered • C．be met with • D．be bringing 2.The winds you would expect to encounter in the North Atlantic between latitudes 5° and 30° are known as the ______． • A．Doldrums • B．Westerlies • C．Trades • D．Easterlies

4. transit : pass through 1.Vessels transiting the canal must have their accommodation ladders and cargo booms ______． • A．removed • B．rigged in • C．readjusted • D．Tested 2.Get the searchlight ______ for transiting the canal at night. • A. turned off B. already C. almost D. ready

5. contamination: the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors contamination of the river by industrial waste 1.Damage to cargo caused by fumes or vapors from liquids，gases，or solids is known as ______． • A．Contamination • B．Oxidation • C．Tainting • D．Vaporization

6. shifting : the act of moving from one place to another • Cargo handlers should take the following precautions with the exception of ______ to avoid damage from shifting． • A．Keep the loads as close to the rail or deck as possible • B．If cargo is likely to settle，make provisions to secure it after it has settled • C．Thoroughly secure and shore all cargo so that it cannot move • D．hen stowing cargo，avoid leaving empty paces

7. chafing : chafe, vb. to make or become sore or worn by rubbing 1.Chafing gear is used to ______． • A．anchor the boat • B．pick up heavy loads • C．protect fiber rope from abrasion • D．strengthen mooring lines 2. One advantage of chain over wire rope for a tow bridle is that chain ______． • A．is better suited for inland towing • B．resists damage from chafing • C．handles more easily • D．equalizes towing forces bette

8. Insufficient: not sufficient; inadequate or deficient a person insufficient to the discharge of his duties 一个不能执行自己任务的人 What could be a result of insufficient lubrication of lifeboat winches and davits ________． • A．Moisture accumulation in winch motor damaging the electrical wiring • B．Freezing of gears in cold weather • C．Corroding of sheaves on the davits so they will not rotate • D．All of the above

9. friction: effort expended in rubbing one object against another Oil can reduce friction. What type of stern tube bearing has the least friction ________． • A．Oil-lubricated bearings • B．Lignum vitae • C．Hard rubber • D．Bronze bushings

10. reinforcement :a device designed to provide additional strength or an act performed to strengthen approved behavior the reinforcement member of the car Reinforcements were sent to the battle front • The section of each end of a barge which is heavily reinforced to take the pressure of pushing is called the ______． • A．Headlog • B．Towhead • C．Collision bulkhead • D．Bullnose

11. segregate : to set or be set apart from others or from the main group They segregated the boys from the girls The doctor segregated the child sick with scarlet fever. 1.The necessity of the segregation of cargoes is determined by ______. • A. experience from practice • B. various types of cargoes • C. different types of ships • D. personal abilities

12. Projection 投影法; 投影, (地图)投影制图法 The only cylindrical chart projection widely used for navigation is the ______． • A．Lambert conformal • B．Mercator • C．Azimuthal • D．Gnomonic

13. corrode 腐蚀; 侵蚀 corrosion corrosive cargo Additional question: what cargoes can be defined as dangerous cargo? • ______ are used for anchor gear in marine work where the chains must withstand the corrosive effects of seawater． • A．Chains • B．Wires • C．Ropes • D．Lines

14. drainage :the process or a method of draining The drainage of the city is not good, some of the pipes are broken. • Limber is a term associated with ______． • A．Emergency gear • B．Drainage • C．Deck cargo storage • D．Securing gear

15. precautions :an action taken to avoid a dangerous or undesirable event Take precautions against fire! 1.The master should ______ necessary precautions to prevent accidents or damage． • A．Do B．Take C．Set D．Have 2.What precaution should be taken when treating burns caused by contact with dry lime ________． • A．Water should be applied in a fine spray • B．The burned area should be immersed in water • C．The entire burn area should be covered with ointment • D．Before washing，the lime should be brushed away gently

16. Passage Two CARGO DAMAGE AND LOSS • Cargo handlers must know how to prevent cargo damage and what measures to take if they encounter cargo already damaged. Damage may occur in transit, in handling, or from chafing, crushing, contamination, moisture, or shifting. • a. Damage in Transit. Frequently, cargo is damaged in transit before it arrives at the piers. Cargo handlers should inspect the cargo carefully as it arrives. If personnel have any doubt about a package being damaged internally, they should annotate documents accordingly, place the package to one side if possible, and advise their supervisor. What may cause the cargo damage? 注释

17. 磨损破损 • (1) If during loading operations cargo handlers find packages with insufficient packing, or packages that show signs of wear and tear or attempted pilferage, they should return them to the warehouse for disposition. The condition of such cargo almost always worsens during the voyage. It not only arrives at the destination damaged, but it may have damaged adjacent cargo. • (2) Cargo handlers should never repackage security cargo until the security officer has made an investigation and has given permission. 处置 在保安员没有做调查并给予容许之前，货物作业人员不得对涉及保安的货物重新包装。

18. b. Damage in Handling. Damage in handling is caused chiefly by exposure to inclement weather conditions, carelessness, and the use of improper gear. • (1) To protect cargo from weather, personnel should cover hatch openings with hatch tents. The tents will also provide protection for the crew working in the hatch. Tarpaulins used to cover the remaining cargo in the square of the hatch do much to reduce damage. However, it is useless for personnel to protect the hatch and the cargo if they allow cargo to remain in the open on the pier after being discharged from the vessel. 舱口天蓬 Tarpaulin and canvas are the basic materials for cargo separation and protection

19. (2) Unsuitable or badly adjusted slings may dislocate or break packages and damage their contents. Cargo handlers should take the following precautions when using slings: • 1）Avoid crushing light or fragile articles in net slings and avoid banging drafts of cargo against the hatch coaming. Few commodities can be handled in net slings without being crushed. • 2) Avoid building drafts too high. Even though the fragile boxes are placed on top, they may fall when the sling is removed on the pier or in the hold. 轻质易碎

20. 滑脱或断裂 • 3) Ensure that slings are securely fastened around the load. Slings placed haphazardly may slip and part, allowing the entire draft to fall to the deck, to the pier, or into the water. • 4) Avoid careless winch operations, especially when handling fragile cargo. Careless handling of a load may damage the cargo in the sling, the sling itself, or the cargo already stowed. • 5) Exercise care when using hooks, crowbars, and similar tools. The shipper’s marks on boxes, such as THIS SIDE UP and FRAGILE, must be observed.

21. 支撑 c. Damage from Chafing. Chafing is the wear of cargo caused by friction from rubbing against other objects. Chafing usually results from improper chocking, blocking, and bracing of cargo. On a vessel, cargo damage results if the motion of the vessel causes the pieces of cargo to rub against each other or against projections in the hold. Chafing damage is also caused by dragging cargo over rough spots or over other cargo. Chafing is dangerous if flammable cargo is carried in metal containers, particularly if heat is produced through friction.

22. 吊货粗心大意，不当垫舱，把重货放在易碎货物上面所产生的压力通常是造成箱子、容器被压碎的原因。吊货粗心大意，不当垫舱，把重货放在易碎货物上面所产生的压力通常是造成箱子、容器被压碎的原因。 • d. Damage from Crushing.Crushed cases and containers usually are the result of carelessness in slinging, improper dunnaging, or pressure brought about by stowing heavy cargo on top of fragile cargo. • (1) Proper stowage, shoring, and chocking help reduce damage to cargo from crushing. • (2) Studies of packaging have resulted in the reinforcement and general improvement of packages. Most damage is attributed to handling and stowing rather than to the construction of the containers. is resulted from 大多数货损是由装卸和积载造成的，而不是容器本身的构造问题。

23. e. Damage from Contamination. In planning the loading of a ship, personnel should give careful consideration to segregating cargo to avoid contamination damage. Many foodstuffs are contaminated by being put too close to substances such as paint or rubber. Since odors left in the hold of a vessel can contaminate future cargo, the hold must be clean and free from odors before loading.

24. f. Damage by Moisture. Damage caused by moisture is called sweat damage. Condensed moisture may corrode metal and mildew textiles, for example. This type of damage ruins more cargo than any other type. Cargo handlers can reduce or eliminate sweat damage by: (1) Properly preparing cargo for shipment. (2) Properly using dunnage to provide drainage and air circulation. (3) Using mechanical ventilation or dehumidifying systems. • A frequent cause of wet cargo is an improperly closed hatch that allows sea water to enter to hold. At times it may be necessary to discharge wet cargo. In this case, responsible personnel should make special provisions for drainage and drying. Pay attention to this word structure.

25. 剧烈的横摇或者纵摇使一些货物脱离整体堆装，在货舱中自由移动。剧烈的横摇或者纵摇使一些货物脱离整体堆装，在货舱中自由移动。 g. Damage from Shifting. There is always danger that cargo may shift if empty spaces are not shored off adequately. Violent rolling or pitching can cause a few pieces of cargo to break out of stowage and move about freely in the hold. These pieces, in turn, bang against and dislocate other cargo. Serious damage to the cargo and the ship can result. Cargo handlers should take the following precautions to avoid damage from shifting: (1) When stowing cargo, avoid leaving empty spaces. (2)Thoroughly secure and shore all cargo so that it cannot move.

26. 1. All the forces due to buoyancy are considered to act through ________. A. center of buoyancy B. center of gravity C. center of floatation D. center of effort 2. All the forces due to gravity are considered to act through ________. A. center of buoyancy B. center of gravity C. center of floatation D. center of effort

27. 3. Dunnage would be used for ________. • A. heavy cargo • B. container cargo • C. bulk cargo • D. light cargo • 4. Dunnage may be used to protect a cargo from loss or damage by ______. • ship's sweat • B. inherent vice • C. tainting • D. hygroscopic absorption

28. 5. Which of the following is not a principle type of cargo pump drives that can be used on tankers? • A. hydraulic • B. electric • C. wind force • D. Steam • 6. Only ships with a capacity of at least ________ 20-foot containers are considered partial containerships. • twenty • thirty • forty • fifty

29. 7. Which of the following is not a probability to make pilferage a source of cargo loss? A. cargo’s nature B. cargo’s poor package C. cargo’s mark D. poor security of discharge port 8. When it is indicated that more than one piece of cargo was shipped under the same TCN and each piece of cargo has its own label, __________ is used. A. package method B. unit method C. block method D. straight method

30. 9. When general cargo with different amounts in each draft is involved, the checker should use ________. A. package method B. unit method C. block method D. straight method 10. Which of the following is not a factor that cause cargo damage? A. contamination B. chafing C. shoring D. shifting

31. 11. According to the passage, which of the following factor ruins more cargo than any other type? • A. damage by contamination • B. damage by moisture • C. damage in transit • D. damage in handling • 12. The necessity of the segregation of cargoes is determined by ______. • experience from practice • various types of cargoes • C. different types of ships • D. personal abilities

32. 13. The most variable factor in the control of broken stowage is ______. • A. the use of excessive amounts of dunnage • B. the use of excessive amounts of filler cargo • C. the failure to stow some items in neat and uniform rows and tiers • D. the skill，industry and interest of the longshoremen • 14. If a void occurs in the cargo hold，it is better to ______ to control the broken stowage． • fill it with small pieces • cover it with large pieces • C. brace it with dunnage • D. leave it as it is

33. 15. It's ______ to stow optional cargo in the lower hold．You’d better give it block stowage in the tweendecks, then it can be easily discharged either at Shanghai，or Dalian or Tianjin． • possible • impossible • proper • improper • 16. Generally speaking，the heavier cargo will go into the ______，distributing it evenly fore and aft，the lighter cargo will probably be placed in the ______. • deep tanks／lower holds • lower holds／tweendecks • C. tweendecks／deep tanks • D. deep tanks／tweendecks

34. 17. ________ is not usually used in liquid cargo systems. A. Hydraulic drive systems B. Electric drive systems C. Steam drive systems D. Man-powered drive systems 18. Stress on the topping lift of a swinging boom can be reduced by ________. A. rigging a back stay B. increasing the mechanical advantage of the cargo purchase C. raising the boom D. taking all slack out of the preventer

35. 19. Which statements is true concerning the gooseneck ________. A. It is a sailing maneuver which brings the vessel’s head through the wind B. It connects the boom to the mast and allows the boom to swing freely C. It is a sailing condition where there is an air flow over the sails D. None of the above 20. Bulk cargo refers to ______. A. homogeneous cargo not enclosed in a container B. cargo which requires refrigeration C. cargo which is very dense D. cargo which occupies a large volume of space

36. Air draught Broken stowage deadweight Safe working load Stowage factor Floating derrick center of buoyancy Center of gravity Cubic capacity General cargo ship

37. Tally work Tally sheet Be adjacent to Inclement weather conditions Hatch tent Fragile article Be attributed to Condensed moisture Air circulation Mechanical ventilation

38. Each entry onto the plan would detail the quantity, the weight and the port of discharge. It will effectively show special loads such as heavy lifts, hazardous cargoes and valuable cargo, in addition to all other commodities being shipped. • 2.Containerization is a general term that describes the transportation of goods in specially designed containers so that loose products, small packages, high value items, and high density cargoes are unitized for easier handling.

39. 3. At ports where tallying is known to be of poor quality, and if large quantities of cargo are involved, it is recommended that the crew perform an additional tally of the cargo as it is discharged from the vessel. 4. However, incorrect manner of count may lead to discrepancy between figures reflecting quantity of pieces loaded into each particular hold specified in Daily Reports and Final Cargo Plan. 5. However, it is useless for personnel to protect the hatch and the cargo if they allow cargo to remain in the open on the pier after being discharged from the vessel.

40. 6. On a vessel, cargo damage results if the motion of the vessel causes the pieces of cargo to rub against each other or against projections in the hold. 7. Chafing is dangerous if flammable cargo is carried in metal containers, particularly if heat is produced through friction.

41. Exercises from the test bank Cargo operations ______ is not usually used in liquid cargo systems． A．Hydraulic drive systems B．Electric drive systems C．Steam drive systems D．Man-powered drive systems All the damage and shortage，______ those incurred after discharge and before delivery to receivers，should be noted in the discharging report． A．Including B．Besides C．Except D．In addition to

42. All the holds to be loaded with grain must be swept ______ commencement of loading． A．Cleanly/during B．Clear/meanwhile C．Clean/between D．Clean/prior to Backstays are ______． A．Running rigging leading aft from the masts B．Running rigging leading forward from the masts C．Standing rigging leading aft from the masts D．Standing rigging from the cross trees to the mast head

43. Cargo handlers should take the following precautions with the exception of ______ to avoid damage from shifting． A．Keep the loads as close to the rail or deck as possible B．If cargo is likely to settle，make provisions to secure it after it has settled C．Thoroughly secure and shore all cargo so that it cannot move D．when stowing cargo，avoid leaving empty paces Damage by ______ shall not be considered as handling damage． A．exposure to inclement weather conditions B．carelessness C．the use of improper gear D．moisture caused by condensation

44. Dunnage may be used to protect a cargo from loss or damage by ______． A．Ship's sweat B．Inherent vice C．Tainting D．Hygroscopic absorption For any given pedestal crane，when the boom is lengthened，the lifting capacity is ______． A．unchanged B．increased C．eliminated D．decreased

45. How should you signal the crane operator to hoist ________． A．With forearm vertical and forefinger pointing up，move hand in small horizontal circles B．With arm extended downwards and forefinger pointing down，move hand in small horizontal circles C．Extend arm with fingers closed and thumb pointing upward D．Place both fists in front of body with the thumbs pointing upward How should you signal the crane operator to lower the boom and raise the load ________． A．Extend arm and point finger in the direction to move the boom B．Extend arm with thumb pointing downward and flex fingers in and out C．With forearm vertical and forefinger pointing up，move hand in small horizontal circles D．With arm extended downwards and forefinger pointing down，move hand in small horizontal circles

46. How should you signal the crane operator to move slowly ________． A．Use one hand to give any motion signal，and place the other hand motionless in front of the hand giving the motion signal B．Extend arm with the thumb pointing up，and flex the fingers in and out for as long as the load movement is desired C．First tap your elbow with one hand and then proceed to use regular signals D．First tap the top of your head with your fist and then proceed to use regular signals If an attempt is made to hoist a load that exceeds the capacity of an electric winch，an overload safety device causes a circuit breaker to cut off the current to the winch motor ______． A．when the line pull reaches the rated winch capacity B．after the line pull exceeds the rated winch capacity C．after a short build-up of torque D．immediately

47. Most pedestal crane power is provided by ______． A．Electro-hydraulic units B．Steam units C．Independent internal combustion power units D．All of the above Official draft measurements should be ______ by authorized persons，agreed by both parties involved． A．executed B．located C．fixed D．Measured On no account ______ to be exceeded． A．is the SWL of the crane B．are the SWL of the crane C．the SWL of the crane is D．the SWL of the crane are

48. Stop ______ the derrick at once，the gooseneck is bent． A．To use B．To operate C．Maneuvering D．Using The boom indicator on a crane will indicate the ______． A．Length of the boom B．Angle of the boom C．Lifting capacity of the boom D．Direction of the boom

49. To ______ sanitary water from any vessel，an application shall be made to Harbor Authorities for approval． A．discharge B．recircle C．load D．take in We'll put off ______ until Friday． A．to discharge B．discharge C．discharging D．to be discharging

50. We've changed our ______ not to start loading this evening． A．heart B．hearts C．mind D．Minds What is meant by the term“luffing the boom”of a crane ________． A．Stopping the boom B．Topping or lowering the boom C．Moving the boom left or right D．All of the above