1 / 17

Soap

Soap. Soap. Known to exist in 2800 BC Mt. Sapo : animal fats + wood ashes or kelp, + clay + heat  good cleaning mixture = soap + glycerine This is the sapo nification reaction. Plant or animal fat + alkali + heat  K or Na salts of fatty acids. Clow p 116-117. Chemical Reaction.

indra
Télécharger la présentation

Soap

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Soap

  2. Soap • Known to exist in 2800 BC • Mt. Sapo: animal fats + wood ashes or kelp, + clay + heat  good cleaning mixture = soap + glycerine • This is the saponification reaction. • Plant or animal fat + alkali + heat  K or Na salts of fatty acids. • Clow p 116-117

  3. Chemical Reaction • http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/blsapon.htm

  4. How do soaps function? • Soaps are • K or Na salts of fatty acids • Soluble in water. • Surfactants or surface active agents which lower the surface tension of water; “wets” water. • Negatively charged. • Basic; can react with acid stains, dirt. • Fatty acid tail (long carbon backbone with H atoms) is attracted to oils and fats. • Acid end is attracted to water

  5. Soap in the Industrial Revolution • Soap production remained a domestic activity until the end of the 18th c. I.e. the industry developed slowly. • Not a component of a natural resource. • Product of chemical reaction which had to be analyzed, tested and reproduced. • Great variety of starting materials were a source of confusion (Dundonald again, p. 118; record his contributions to various chemical industries).

  6. Soap Industry • Once the science ( chemical reaction, required reactants, desired products, conditions) was understood, the soap industry grew (Clow p 119) from 1830 (Clow graph p. 124). • Clow p. 120 diagram • Chemistry rules (Clow p 125, 126, 127)

  7. The Fermentation Industry An Introduction: Distillation and Brewing

  8. Alcohol • Alcohol describes a broad class of organic compounds that contain the –OH functional group, know as the hydroxyl group. • The smallest alcohol is methyl alcohol or methanol • From the alkane methane = CH4 • Also called wood alcohol since it is the major product of the fermentation of wood • CH3OH • Poisonous when ingested

  9. Alcohol • The next smallest is ethyl alcohol of ethanol • From the alkane ethane C2H6 • also called grain alcohol since it is produced when grain ferments • C2H5OH • Is the alcohol present in alcoholic drinks • There are many other alcohols: propanol, butanol, etc

  10. From Grain to AlcoholChemical Reaction • (C6H10O5)n + nH2O  (C6H12O6)n Starch from cellulose (plant matter) is converted to glucose via hydrolysis or addition of water. Methods include the action of enzymes (major commercial method) and reaction with acid (historic method) • C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Glucose or sugar decomposes to ethanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast and absence of oxygen (anaerobic oxidation). This is called fermentation.

  11. Combustion of SugarChemical Reaction • In the presence of oxygen, sucrose burns to give water and carbon dioxide. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2

  12. A Comparison

  13. Ideal Liquid Solution • Phase diagram for “ideal” 2-component liquid system. • http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/idealpd.html#top • Fractional distillation can lead to 100% purification. • http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/idealfract.html#top • Wikipedia on Benzene-Toluene Phase Diagram

  14. Benzene and Toluene Form an Ideal Solution • Benzene boils at 80.1 oC and toluene at 110.6 oC. • The B-B IMF are nearly the same as the T-T IMF and also the B-T IMF; these are the conditions for an ideal solution. • Benzene and Toluene can be separated completely by fractional distillation – note different BPs. Which boils first?

  15. Benzene and Toluene Phase Diagram and Separating two Components

  16. Why 95% ABV? • Phase diagram for water and alcohol (non ideal). • Water boils at 100 oC and ethanol at 78.4 oC. • Water and ethanol form a low boiling azeotrope at 78.1 oC and 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water. • Limit to separation by fractional distillation

  17. Water-Ethanol Phase Diagram • http://serc.carleton.edu/files/NAGTWorkshops/petrology/teaching_examples/Kitchen_Text.pdf

More Related