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Understanding Earth's Interior: Layers, Meteorites, and Composition

This overview explores Earth's internal layering, including the crust, mantle, and core, alongside key geological concepts such as seismology, lithosphere, and asthenosphere. We analyze variations in pressure, temperature, and density in Earth's interior, and delve into the intricacies of plate tectonics, mantle convection, and meteorite types. Different meteorite classifications, including chondrites and achondrites, are discussed, emphasizing their significance in understanding planetary formation and composition. This summary synthesizes essential elements for a deeper understanding of Earth and its formation processes.

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Understanding Earth's Interior: Layers, Meteorites, and Composition

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  1. Summary from Previous Class Earth’s Internal Layering - Crust, Mantle and Core Seismology, LVZ, Lithosphere, and Asthenosphere P,T, density variation in the earth’s interior Transition Zone, Two-layered vs. whole mantle convection Plate tectonics, Plumes, Wilson Cycle, and recent hypotheses by Anderson and Larson

  2. Layer Names Inner Core Solid Iron Outer Core Molten Iron Mantle Dense silicates Crust Great variety of minerals in the continental crust but limited in the oceanic crust

  3. Meteorite TypesIrons (Core Equivalent)Stony Irons (Core/Mantle Boundary)Stony meteoritesAchondrites (silicate dominated) Chondrites (silicate) Carbonaceous Chondrites (only type with C & H2O…source of LIFE!)

  4. Meteorite composition and abundance Stony meteorites (92.8%) Chondrites (85.7%) Carbonaceous (5.7%) hydrated mins. (serpentine), organic compounds, 1-9%H2O ordinary (67.6%) pyroxenes, olivines, Fe-Ni metal other (12.5%) similar Achondrites (7.1%) Ca-rich (4.7%) pyroxenes,olivines,plagioclase Ca-poor (2.4%) no plag Stony irons (1.5%) mesosiderites pyrox, plag, Fe-Ni pallasites olivine, Fe-Ni others pyrox, oliv, Fe-Ni Irons (5.7%) octahedrites kamacite, taenite hexahedrites kamacites ataxites taenite, kamacite Source: Emiliani (1990) Planet Earth

  5. Source of Meteorites • Achondrites - from Mars & Moon • Chondrites - stuff terrestrial planets are made of • Irons - Core of the earth • Stony Irons - CMB • The oldest meteorites are 4.5 billion years old

  6. Achondrite

  7. Iron Meteorite

  8. Martian Meteorite

  9. Chondrule

  10. Olivine chondrule

  11. Pyroxene chondrule

  12. Composition of C chondrites • The average Carbonaceous Chondrite Weight% • Carbon 2.0 • Metals 1.8 • Nitrogen 0.2 • Silicates 83.0 • Water 1- 9.0

  13. Pb-isotope isochronfor the age of the earth

  14. Earth as a Bar Magnet

  15. Polarity Time Scale

  16. Core Phase Diagram?

  17. Core dT/dz Depth (km)

  18. Some Statistics….. • OF ALL THE METEORITES THAT FALL ON EARTH: • 86% are Chondrites • 7.1% are Achondrites • 5.7% are Irons • And 1.5% are Stony Irons

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