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Chapter Eight

Chapter Eight. The Voice and Opera. The Vocal Mechanism. Three Elements: 1) Energy Source- Lungs 2) Vibrating Element- Vocal cords 3) Resonating Chamber- Head A ) Laryngeal prominence (Adam's Apple) B ) Larynx (voice box; vocal cords inside) C ) Trachea (wind pipe)

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Chapter Eight

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  1. Chapter Eight The Voice and Opera

  2. The Vocal Mechanism Three Elements: 1) Energy Source- Lungs 2) Vibrating Element- Vocal cords 3) Resonating Chamber- Head A) Laryngeal prominence (Adam's Apple) B)Larynx (voice box; vocal cords inside) C) Trachea (wind pipe) D) Esophagus (swallowing tube)

  3. Vocal Mechanism--Larynx

  4. Vocal Mechanism--Larynx

  5. Vocal Mechanism Types The Head Voice(Head Register)(Light Mechanism)(Falsetto) The Chest Voice(Chest Register)(Heavy Mechanism)

  6. “Vernacular” Voice Characteristics • Uses microphone as part of technique • Uses slap back echo and other enhancements • Exploitstimbral differences between registers • Generally has less than two octave range

  7. Trained Voice in Western Art Music Middle Ages (allmale)Modern (male and female) Superius Soprano Altisimus Alto Tenore Tenor Bassus Bass

  8. Trained Voice Characteristics Trained voices are considered acousticinstruments • Project in large concert halls • Project over large instrumental groups • Suppresstimbral differences between registers

  9. Further modern divisions of voices Tenor Countertenor Lyric Dramatic(Heldentenor) Baritones Lyric Bass Baritone Bass Basso Cantante Basso Profundo Soprano Colorature Lyric Dramatic Mezzo-sopranos Lyric Dramatic Contralto

  10. Other Vocal Types Contra-Bass (Russian Bass)Lowest and Rarest of Voices Growl RegisterThroat Singers from TuvaMultiphonics Whistle RegisterChinese (Beijing) Opera Soprano

  11. Music and Drama • Early forms werereligious festivalswith dancing and singing. • “Incantation,” “charm,” “chant” and “enchant” all came from words having to do with singing.

  12. Non- Western Examples • Bali-Java (Indonesia)Gamelan Orchestra Puppet Theater • JapanNoh DramaKabuki Theater • ChinaChinese (Beijing) Opera

  13. Noh Theatre • The Noh theatre has a place in Japanese society similar to the place Shakespearean drama has in the West. • 600 years old • Highly stylized • Ritualistic--influenced by Zen Buddhism • Performers wear masks • All male actors and chorus • Accompanied by flute and three drums

  14. Kabuki • The word Kabuki literally means song, dance, and technique. • 400 years old • Folk production--very popular • Combines dancing with lots of melodrama • Very elaborate costumes and scenery • Dance theatre--very stylized • Accompanied by flute, drums, shamison

  15. Western European Opera • 600 years old • Started by the Florentine Camerata in late 1500’s • Attempted to rival Greek tragedy • Text of opera is called libretto • Singers train their voices to extend range and agility • Melodic style resembles instrumental melodies

  16. Quick History of Opera • 1500-1600’s- • Produced at court for small aristocratic audiences • 1700’s • Became highly popular form of entertainment • Tended to be comedies, spectacles, and dramas • Singers began to be “stars’ • Some operas were written to show off a particular star • First public opera houses started

  17. 1800’s--Grand Opera • Continued as popular form of entertainment • Productions became bigger with more elaborate sets and costumes • Plots were like “soap” operas (get it?) • Two most famous opera composers ever • Giacomo Puccini • Guiseppe Verdi • Wagner began experimenting with Gesamtkunstwerk • Cities all over US welcomed travelling opera companies

  18. The Age of Bel Canto As orchestras got bigger, singers needed to train more in order to project their voices over the orchestra--this led to more agility which then led to fancier melodies. • Giaccomo Rossini--Barber of Seville

  19. Verismo (Realism) Plots and characters became more “everyday,” that is, more realistic. • Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) • Tosca • Madama Butterfly • Turandot • Il Trittico • La Bohème [1896] • Georges Bizet (1838 - 1875) • Carmen

  20. La Boheme Character Voice Types • Mimi––lyric soprano • Musetta––coloratura soprano • Rodolfo––lyric tenor • Marcello––lyric baritione • Schaunard––baritone • Colline––bass • Alcindoro––bass

  21. Early 1900’s • WW I slowed opera production • Radio and movies gave people cheap way of escaping the Great Depression • Grand Opera was temporarily replaced by Broadway and movie musicals • Late 1900’s • Musicals became more like operas (Cats, Evita, Les Mis, Miss Saigon, Phantom, Rent) • Opera experienced a big revival • Most US cities now have opera houses

  22. Operettas and Musicals Operettas and musicals are operas with spoken dialogue. All dialogue is sung in an opera. • William S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan The MikadoThe Pirates of Penzance • Franz Lehar • Johannes Strauss • Scott Joplin

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