BASIC COMPONENTS OF LIVING THINGS

1. BASIC COMPONENTS OF LIVING THINGS BOOK PAGE 21-29 14-20

2. What are plants made up of?What are animals made up of?

3. All living things are made up of cells. But what are cells made up of?

4. Atoms and molecules • An atom contains charged particles.It consists of nucleus and electrons. Nucleus is positive, containing positive protons and neutral protons. Electrons are negative. Normaly the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons and the atom is neutral. • It is possible to remove or add one or more electrons to atom.Then the atoms becomes charged ions.

5. Molecules-Water A molecule is a collection of atoms linked by a network of bonds

6. Chemical bonds • When atoms combine with each other they form chemical bonds between the atoms. • To attain a stable electron configuration they have to achieve the maximum number of electrons in the outermost energy level, atoms can either : • donate, • accept, or • share

7. Ionic bonds • Opposite charges attract so the ions in sodium chloride are held together by the attraction between Na+ and Cl -. This forms an ionic bond. Na Cl

8. Covalent bonds • In this type of bond 1, 2 or 3 pairs of electrons are shared between participating atoms. The shared electrons now circulate about both atoms participating in the bond. • covalent bonds are relatively strong • covalent bonds are much more common in organic compounds (and therefore in the biological world)

9. Hydrogen bonds • One special type of interaction between polar molecules occurs in many organic (and hence biological) molecules where the weak attraction of the partial charge on a hydrogen atom in a covalent bond for the partial negative charge on an atom in another molecule is termed a hydrogen bond.

11. Inorganic and Organic molecules • Cannot synthesize • Take in readily • Important in structure • Can have different kind of elements • Can not be digested or hydrolyzed. • Never used as energy source • Water, salt, minerals, acid and bases • Can synthesize • Important in structure, energy and homeostasis • Always have C,H,O • Can be broken down(not vitamins) • Can be used as energy source • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, enzymes, nucleic acids

12. Water Function • Good Solvent • Breaking up macromolecules (hydrolysis) • Cell Membrane transport (in/out) • Keep body temparature constant • In photosynthesis • Chemical reactions/enzymes Source • Food • Chemical reactions • Drinking water

13. Acids and Bases • Acids give out H ions • Turns blue turnusol paper into red • Sour taste • Bases give out OH ions • Turns red turnusol paper into blue • Bitter taste 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 If H ion concentration increases, acidity increases. pH decreases. If H ion concentration decreases basicity increases. pH increases. pH is important for chemical reactions to occur. Because it effects the enzyme activity.

14. Minerals and Salts • Salts form as a result of reaction between a strong acid and a strong base • HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (Neutralisation reaction) Salt and mineral concentrations are always kept constant. • Important in muscle contraction • Important in water exchange. • Important component in Bones(Ca, P), Chlorophyll (Mg)and hemoglobin (Fe), ATP (P) energy molecule. • Activates enzymes for chemical reactions • Cannot broken into parts(can not digested or hydrolysed), cannot give energy • Exess of the minerals are stored (Ca P in bones) or thrown out by urine(Na, Cl, K).

16. Hydrolysis and Dehydration • Organic molecules are large molecules. They are called polymers. Polymers are made up of small molecules, small molecules are called monomers.

17. HYDROLYSIS • Polymers are broken down by hydrolysis reaction. Polymer + H2O monomer+monomer+…… In hydrolysis water is used

18. DEHYDRATION • Monomers form polymers by dehydration reaction. Monomer+monomer+monomer…… Polymer+ H2O In dehydration water is formed

19. In hydrolysis polymers are broken down by using water. Number of water molecules used Number of bonds that are broken down = = - 1 Number of small molecules formed (n) In Dehydration monomers form polymers by forming water. Number of bonds that are formed Number of water molecules formed Number of small molecules used 1 - = = (n)

20. If you want to form a large molecule from 2 small units, how many bonds occur? If you want to form a large molecule from 10 small units, how many bonds occur? • 1 bond • 10-1=9 bonds If you want to form a large molecule from 10 small molecule , how many H2O molecules can form? • 10-1=9 water mol. You have a large molecule which is composed of 8 units. If you want to breakdown this large molecule, how many water molecules should you use? • 8-1= 7 water mol.

21. CARBOHYDRATES • Organic molecules • Contain C, H, O formula- (CH2O)n • Gives energy by the breakdown of the chemical bonds • Photosynthetic living things synthesize their carbohydrates by themselves. 6 CO2+6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • Structural component of living things (DNA, RNA, ATP)

22. CARBOHYDRATES • Structural component of living things (DNA, RNA, ATP), They have 5 C sugars(pentose) • Deoxyribose • Ribose

23. Simple sugars C6H12O6 • Can not be hydrolysed into smaller units (monomers) • 5C- deoxyribose, ribose, ATP • 6C- glucose, fructose, galactose and are soluble • Plants can synthesize but animals get it readily. • Composed of 2 monosaccharides. • Formed by dehydration. Bond’s name is Glycoside bond. • Can be broken down by hydrolysis into monomers. • Mono+mono disacch+H2O • Lactose– glucose+galactose • sucrose-or saccharose- glucose+fructose • Maltose- glucose+glucose • composed of many monosaccharides • Formed by dehydration. Bond’s name is Glycoside bond. • Can be broken down by hydrolysis into monomers • (n)mono poly+(n-1) H2O • Starch • Cellulose glucose • glycogen • Unsoluble, change color with iodine

24. Disaccharides • 2 monomers form disaccharides. 1 mol H2O is formed

25. Polysaccharides n( monosaccharide) Polysaccharide+ (n-1) water Starch, cellulose, glycogen have the monomer of glucose. But they have different bonding.

26. Importance of carbohydrates • They are used as energy source in cellular respiration. • They are broken down to monosaccharides in the digestive system and absorbed like that. • They are stored as starch in plants. Animals can not store starch. Cellulose functions in structure, not in storage. • They are stored as glycogen in animals, most of them are soluble in water. Plants can not store glycogen. • Important in regulation of blood sugar level.

27. Found in Cell membrane-with lipids and proteins for Recognition of foreign molecules • Excess of the carbohydrates are converted into fat and stored like that. • Human can not digest cellulose. Special animals digest it with the help of the bacteries. • Plant carbohydrates(cellulose-rouphage) are important in the proper working of the digestive system. • Sugar cane, banana, apple, grape, grains, liver, meat, potato are sources of carbohydrates.

28. (CH2O)n • How can you classify carbohydrates? REVIEW QUESTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES • Describe the chemical makeup of carbohydrates ? We can classify carbohydrates according to their monomer number. • Monosaccharides_have one monomer • Disaccahrides_have 2 monomers • Polysaccharides_have many monomers

29. What are the functions of carbohydrates? • Gives energy by the breakdown of the chemical bonds • Structural component of living things (DNA, RNA, ATP) • Found in Cell membrane-with lipids and proteins, Recognition of foreign molecules • Found in cell wall as cellulose, found in insects as chitin. • Explain how disaccharides form? • 2 monosaccharides form disaccharides by dehydration reaction. 1 mol H2O and 1 bond are formed. Bond’s name is Glycoside bond. • Compare hydrolysis and dehydration reaction. • Monomers form polymers by dehydration reaction. In dehydration water is formed • Polymers are broken down by hydrolysis reaction.. In hydrolysis water is used

30. Formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose • Classify the reactions below: Dehydration.. Synthesis of starch from glucose Dehydration.. Breakdown of maltose to form glucose Hydrolysis Formation of glucose from cellulose. Hydrolysis

31. LIPIDS • Lipids are not soluble in water. They can solve in aceton, alcohol, chloroform or benzene. • Contain C,H,O • Monomers are: Fatty acids and Glycerol. • In a molecule of lipid, there are 3 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. Lipids are formed by dehydration reaction. 3 molecules of water is formed. • There are esther bonds between fatty acid molecules and glycerol.

32. Lipid structure- Triglycerides 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids 1 lipid+ 3 water

33. Properties • Important energy source. It has energy twice as much as carbohydrates and proteins. But they are used as second energy source. • They are used as storage molecule. • They are the main component of the cell membrane. (ın membrane they are found as phospholipids) • Lipids are classified according to their fatty acid structure: saturated and unsaturated lipids.

34. Saturated and Unsaturated lipids • Fatty acids have long carbon chains. 2 molecules of H can be bound to Carbons. • If there is only one bond between carbon molecules, they are saturated lipids. (All carbons are saturated with maximum number of H). Butter, margarine. (Found mostly in animals) • If there is some double bonds between carbon molecules, they are unsaturated lipids. Oils, olive oil (found mostly in plants)

35. Importance of Lipids • Protects internal organs. Heart, intestine • Insulates the body, keeps the temperature constant. • Excess of carbohydrates and proteins are converted into fats. It causes obesity. • Fat soluble vitamins(ADEK) are dissolved in the fats and absorbed with them. • Some fatty acid molecules(essential fatty acids) can not be synthesized by animals. They have to take these fatty acid from plants. Plants can synthesize all. • Meat, milk, cheese, egg, sesame,sunflower seed, nuts are rich in lipids. • Phosoholipids in cell membrane give fluidity and flexibility.

36. Cell membrane lipid- Phospholipid • They are found in cell membrane. • A phosphate group is bound to the glycerol. • It has 2 fatty acid chains. • Phosphate group loves water (hydrophilic), Fatty acid part hates water (hydrophobic).

37. By their Hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, a double layered cell membrane is formed. Hydrophobic part stays inside and Hydrophilic part stays outside (face cytoplasm or outer part) Cell membrane lipid- PhospholipidIt is composed of 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate, 2 fatty acid chain.

38. REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LIPIDS What is a esther bond? • It is the bond between fatty acids and glycerol How a lipid molecule is formed? • It is formed by the dehydration between 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid If we want to form 5 molecules of lipid, How many monomers of the lipids we need? • For the one molecule of lipid, we need 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid. • 1 glycerol x 5= 5 glycerol 3 fatty acid x 5= 15 fatty acid Molecules are needed.

39. 1 mol of lipid is broken down by 3 mol of water 12 mol of water can broke down 4 mol of lipid If we we use 12 molecules of water to breakdown lipid, can you determine how many lipid molecule do we have at the beginning? And how many bonds did we break? List the organic compounds according their energy amount?(high to low) • Lipids-carbohydrates-proteins List the organic compounds according to their usage for energy?(high to low) • Carbohydrates-lipids-proteins

40. Compare saturated and unsaturated lipids?

41. List importance of lipids. • Protects internal organs. Heart, intestine • Insulates the body, keep the temperature. • Excess of carbohydrates and proteins are converted into fats. It causes obesity. • Fat soluble vitamins are dissolved in the fats and absorbed with them. • When they are broken down, 3 molecules of water are used and energy is given out. • Some fatty acid molecules can not synthesized by animals. They have to take these fatty acid from plants. • Meat, milk, cheese, egg, sesame,sunflower sedd, nuts are rich in lipids. • They are the main component of the cell membrane • Give energy

42. By looking at the charts below, find out the names of the organic molecules? Structural use of the organic molecules Usage of molecules as energy source Energy amount of the molecule II III I I II III a. Carbohydrate lipid protein b. protein carbohydrate lipid c. lipid protein carbohydrate d. protein lipid carbohydrate e.carbohydrate protein lipid Organic molecule time Organic molecule

43. By looking at the charts below, find out what kind of reactions are they? I II I. hydrolysis II. dehydration

44. Food X+ Fehling A Fehling B Food Y+ Fehling A Fehling B Food X+ lugol Food Y+ lugol Colors: Black Brown-orange Dark Blue Green-light orange • These are the results of an experiment (determination of carbohydrates) done in the laboratory. Can you list the foods ( X and Y) according to their carbohydrate content from high to low? X > Y

45. Write the monomers of the molecules Fatty acid + glycerol • lipid • sucrose • lactose • cellulose • galactose • glycogen Glucose + Fructose Galactose + glucose Glucose (many) it is a monomer Glucose (many)

46. How a lipid molecule is formed? 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid combined with 3 esther bonds . How many water molecule is formed from the polysaccharide made up of 19 monosaccharides? 19-1 =18 water formed . If we want to form 6 molecules of lipid, How many monomers should we use? Give their exact names and numbers. 6 lipid has 6 glycerol and 6x3=fatty acid . A lipid molecule has 30 esther bonds inside. Howmany monomers does it have ? (give their exact name and number) 30 fatty acid 10 glycerol

47. 1. In a lipid synthesizing cell, 240 molecules of water is formed during synthesis. How many glycerol molecule is used? 240 / 3= • Liquid lipids : i. Contain esther bonds between glycerol and fatty acid ii.They give higher energy than carbohydrates and proteins iii. They have double bonds in fatty acids Which of the statements above is not a property of solid lipids?

48. Glycerol + 3 fatty acid A Lipid + 3 H2O B • According to the reactions above: • A is a hydrolysis, and B is a dehydration reaction • The amount of water formed at the end of the reaction is equal to the bonds formed • The chemical make up of the reactant molecules change. Which of them is true? 4. To get all of the fatty acid types , What kind of a lipid molecule should be eaten?

49. PROTEINS • Proteins are the most essential compounds for the living things. They are the half of our weight. • Proteins contain N and sometimes, Phosphorus and sulphur. • The building block of the proteins are amino acids. Amino acis contain amino group(NH3), carboxyl group(COOH) and radical® group. Amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds between the amino group of an amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other.

50. Amino and carboxyl groups are same for each amino acid, but radical groups are different. There are 20 aminoacids in nature. So there are 20 radical groups.