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BASIC GENETICS, COMMON TO ALL LIVING THINGS

BASIC GENETICS, COMMON TO ALL LIVING THINGS. CHROMOSOME. GENOME. GENE. DNA. NUCLEOTIDES. MUTATION. NATURAL SELECTION. DNA PART I: STRUCTURE, REPLICATION. GENOME: SUM TOTAL OF ALL HERITABLE DNA IN CELL GENOME SIZE: E. coli genome: 4 million base pairs, 1mm in length.

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BASIC GENETICS, COMMON TO ALL LIVING THINGS

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  1. BASIC GENETICS, COMMON TO ALL LIVING THINGS CHROMOSOME GENOME GENE DNA NUCLEOTIDES MUTATION NATURALSELECTION

  2. DNA PART I: STRUCTURE, REPLICATION

  3. GENOME: SUM TOTAL OF ALL HERITABLE DNA IN CELL GENOME SIZE: E. coli genome: 4 million base pairs, 1mm in length Human: closer to 4 billion base pairs.

  4. Chromosome A single molecule of DNA The single molecule of DNA is always double stranded In bacteria - the chromosome is circular! And there is only 1 What is the difference between chromosome and genome?

  5. GENE Segment of DNA that encodes 1 protein Usually several hundred base pairs in length

  6. E. coli genome, with some important genes named (not all!)

  7. DNA Name of the chemical that makes up the chromosomes in all living things All DNA shares some important chemical characteristics Made up of 4 kinds of nucleotides (ACTG), double stranded All DNA differs slightly in the way that it’s put together that makes each living thing unique

  8. One of 4 bases in DNA: Adenosine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Structure of a nucleotide, the building block of DNA chains

  9. DNA BASE PAIRING: A with T, C with G

  10. REPLICATION DNA DNA Requires: Nucleotides (raw material) DNA polymerase (enzyme) DNA template

  11. GENOTYPE vs. PHENOTYPE Potential vs. actual or 'expressed' properties The genotype of an individual refers to the information encoded by all the genes, which are all present in duplicate The phenotype refers to how the genes are expressed as physical traits in the individual or bacterial cell.

  12. DNA PART II: TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION, MUTATION, Control of gene expression

  13. FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION: DNA DNA replication DNA RNA PROTEIN transcription translation 1 PROTEIN 1 GENE The Central Dogma

  14. RECIPE DNA RNA PROTEIN

  15. Transcription:Produces an mRNA molecule that matches the sequence of the gene DNA RNA Requires: DNA template Nucleotides (raw material) RNA polymerase (enzyme)

  16. mRNA molecule gene

  17. Translation:Convert the mRNA information into a protein molecule RNA PROTEIN Requires: mRNA, Ribosomes, tRNA molecules carrying amino acids

  18. Ribosome tRNA molecules carrying each amino acid Protein mRNA

  19. TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION ANIMATIONS Transcription: http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teaching/genetics/animations/transcription.htm McGraw Hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter15/animations.html Very nice animated exercise http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ Very simple and nice cartoon of transcription and translation http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20-%20long.html Another nice simple animation of both hhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP1302 Others + games at: http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap1int.htm

  20. INTRONS, EXONS, NON-CODING DNA Noncoding DNA, sequence between genes Introns Exons Eukaryotes only

  21. MUTATION

  22. RECIPE DNA RNA PROTEIN

  23. A A A A T T T C A A A C G G G G T G G A C C C C C T T T A C C C C C C T C A A A T T T C C C BACTERIAL GENETICS, CONTINUED MUTATION Change in genetic material (base sequence of the DNA) TYPES OF MUTATION Base substitution (May or may not be Missense) Nonsense Frameshift

  24. HOW DOES MUTATION OCCUR?? Mistakes in replication - chemical mutagens - radiation Compounds that cause mutation are called mutagens Mutations that occur without seeming cause are ‘spontaneous’ Cells have safeguards and repair mechanisms MUTATIONS CAN BE BENEFICIAL!

  25. THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Point mutation, missense THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY E Frameshift, insertion THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG Nonsense

  26. MUTATION??? Mutation = alteration in DNA base pair sequence Mutation sometimes occurs naturally - mistakes during DNA replication Mutation may also occur because of environmental exposure to chemicals, UV light, radiation, etc. Consequences of mutation?? There may be none Protein may be altered Protein may be non-functional or not made at all

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