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Causes of World War II. Causes of World War II. Appeasement: giving in to a dictator to avoid war. Militarism. The glorification of war, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war.
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Causes of World War II Appeasement: giving in to a dictator to avoid war.
Militarism • The glorification of war, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war. • An important aspect of militarism is that the glorification of war is incorporated into all levels of society, including education of the nation’s youth. • Militaristic societies have existed throughout human history. Hitler Youth group Ancient Sparta is an example of a militaristic society
Nationalism • Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own nation over all others. • In the extreme, it can lead to major conflicts between nations. • Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan’s Tojo each touted their nation’s ability to dominate all others in the years leading up to WWII. Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo, Japanese flag
Anti-Communism • Under communism, all means of production are controlled by the government, as are property, the media, and all other aspects of society. • The 1930s saw the rise of many totalitarian regimes; but most people chose fascism over communism. • Hitler exploited people’s fear of a communist takeover in Germany to rise to power in 1933. A Battle for Germany: Nazi anti-communist book from 1933
India Brazil THE ALLIED POWERS IN WW II
German Aggression German Remilitarization Austria: 1938 Anschluss: all German speaking people belong with one German nation Czechoslovakia: 1938; 3 million people; Sudetenland; Appeasement Appeasement: giving in to the demands of an aggressor to avoid war
Appeasement Munich Conference 1938 Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Edouard Dalidier Hitler wanted Sudetenland / 3 million German Speaking people Western Section of Czechoslovakia Democracy
Appeasement Why? Devastation of WWI Great Depression Unfairness of Versailles Treaty Fear of Communism Lack of International cooperation Neutrality of the United States
HITLER INVADES POLAND:SEPTEMBER 1, 1939 WWII Begins on September 1, 1939
The Blitzkreig Lightening Attack Use of fast moving vehicles, air force and infantry to invade Poland Sept 1, 1939. Start of WWII Sept 3 Britain and France declare war on Germany The Phony War
Technology of Modern Warfare Superior air power – Luftwaffe Bombing of strategic military and civilian targets Armored tanks and troop carriers Improved designs on planes, subs, and machinery (bombs and guns) Inventions: RADAR and SONAR Medical advances for soldiers and synthetic products replacing scarce, strategic resources
HITLER CONQUERED DENMARK, NORWAY, NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, AND LUXEMBOURG
. MAGINOT LINE . MAGINOT LINE, LARGE UNDERGROUND FORTS FRANCE BUILT AT ENORMOUS COST TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM GERMANY, THE GERMANS WENT AROUND THEM AND THEY PROVED USELESS.
ALLIED TROOPS ESCAPE THE ADVANCING GERMAN FORCES. HUNDREDS OF SHIPS FROM GREAT BRITAIN CAME TO TAKE THEM OFF THE DUNKIRK BEACHES AND BACK TO ENGLAND.
AFTER THE GERMANS LEFT DUNKIRK, THEY TURNED SOUTH AND DEFEATED THE REMAINING FRENCH ARMIES JUNE 22, 1940, FRANCE SURRENDERED TO GERMANY. GERMANY WAS MASTER OF ALL EUROPE, ITS FACTORIES AND RESOURCES, WITH EXCEPTION OF THE USSR.
August 1940: Which nation will be Hitler's next target for conquest?
STATISTICS OF THE BATTLEOF BRITAIN Turning Point of the War: Germany’s first defeat.
PHOTOS FROM THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD THE GERMANS HAD SEVERE PROBLEMS CAPTURING THE CITY OF STALINGRAD. IT WAS A GRITTY, DEADLY BATTLE WHERE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SOLDIERS ON BOTH SIDES WERE KILLED
NORTH AFRICA • FIGHTING IN NORTH AFRICA • Battle of El Alamen won by the Allies: • Push Germany off the African Continent • Now Allies could invade Sicily: Tough bloody battles won by the Allies • Italy next: Rome first European capital freed by Allies
D-DAY TO SURRENDER OF GERMANY • ALLIES INVADE FRANCE • BATTLE OF THE BULGE • SOVIET ADVANCE INTO EASTERN EUROPE AND GERMANY • HOLOCAUST • GERMANY SURRENDERS
D-day: the Allied invasion of Nazi occupied Western Europe • D-Day Statistics • General Dwight D. Eisenhower Allied supreme commander • Nine allied divisions invaded on D-Day, 3 airborne and 6 infantry, 150,000 soldiers • 12,000 planes • 5,000 ships escorted the invasion force • 20,000 troops were landed by air either parachute or gliders to protect the flanks of the invasion force from German counterattacks Shoulder sleeve insignia are of the American units, division and above, that were involved in the Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944.
A HEAVY PRICE WAS PAID FOR THE SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF FRANCE
Battle of the Bulge THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A SURPRISE ATTACK THROUGH THE ARDENNES FOREST THAT CAUGHT THE U.S. ARMY UNPREPARED. THEFIGHTING LASTED FROM DECEMBER 16TH TO FEBRUARY 9TH 1945.
AMERICANS CAPTURED IN THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE DEAD U.S. SOLDIERS WHO WERE MURDERED BY GERMAN TROOPS AFTER SURRENDERING
Both sides lost massive amounts of men and equipment but while the Americans could easily make up the losses the Germans could not and the war would be over within months Killed, wounded, captured, missing at the Battle of the Bulge
Hitler commits suicide as the Russians approach his underground bunker in Berlin
German Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel surrenders at Soviet headquarters in Berlin, May 9, 1945.The war in Europe is over!
NEWSPAPERS CELEBRATE THE SURRENDER OF GERMANY BUT WARN THERE IS STILL JAPAN TO DEFEAT
The war in the Pacific from Pearl Harbor to Midway • JAPANESE DECEMBER 1941 CONQUESTS • US FLEET AT PEARL HARBOR DEVASTATED BY JAPANESE ATTACK ON DEC. 7TH • INVASION OF MALAYA DEC. 7-25 • US AIRFORCES IN THE PHILIPPINES DESTROYED ON DEC. 7TH AND 8TH • US ISLAND OF GUAM CAPTURED BY JAPANESE TROOPS DEC. 11TH • TARAWA AND MAKIN ISLANDS ATTACKED, DEC. 9TH AND 10TH • BORNEO INVADED DEC. 20TH
THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC FROM PEARL HARBOR TO MIDWAY • JAPANESE 1942 ADVANCES • JAPAN INVADES DUTCH BORNEO, TIMOR, CELEBES, JAN. 11 • SINGAPORE FALLS, 36,000 JAPANESE CAPTURE 85,000 ALLIED SOLDIERS, FEB. 15TH • RANGOON AND BURMA CAPTURED ON MAR. 10TH • US SURRENDERS THE PHILIPPINES ON MAY 6TH • JAPANESE PORT MORESBY INVASION FLEET TURNED BACK AT NAVAL BATTLE OF CORAL SEA ON MAY 7TH
U.S. SURRENDERS THE PHILIPPINES AND OVER 70,000 AMERICAN AND FILIPINO SOLDIERS GO INTO JAPANESE CAPTIVITY WHERE MANY DIED OF MALNUTRITION AND MISTREATMENT.
THE UNITED STATES STRIKES BACK: THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY, JUNE 1942 WHERE THE JAPANESE WOULD STRIKE AFTER CORAL SEA WAS THE CRUCIAL QUESTION. THE US HAD THREE CARRIERS TO COUNTER ANY JAPANESE OFFENSIVE MOVE BUT THEY NEEDED TO KNOW WHERE THEY SHOULD BE SENT. JOSEPH ROCHEFORT: NAVAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICER WHO LED THE TEAM THAT BROKE THE JAPANESE MILITARY CODE “PURPLE” THAT ALLOWED THE US TO READ 10% TO 15% OF THEIR CODE AND ALLOWED THE US TO PLAN FOR A JAPANESE ATTACK ON THE US BASE ON MIDWAY ISLAND.
THE U.S. VICTORY AT MIDWAY WAS A DEVASTATING DEFEAT FOR JAPAN AND A TURNING POINT IN THE PACIFIC WAR. NOW THE UNITED STATES COULD GO ON THE OFFENSIVE WINNING BACK THE ISLANDS CONQUERED BY JAPAN IN THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF THE WAR.
AMERICA GOES ON THE OFFENSIVE IN THE PACIFIC • GUADALCANAL: Tough battle eventually won by the Americans • ISLAND HOPPING CAMPAIGN
MAJOR PACIFIC LAND BATTLES. THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN ELIMINATED THE NEED TO INVADE THE JAPANESE HOME ISLANDS
THE DECISION TO DROP THE A-BOMB • IWO JIMA, OKINAWA, AND THE KAMIKAZES • FIREBOMBING OF JAPAN • PROPOSED OPERATION DOWNFALL • HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
Famous photograph of the flag raising on Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima taken by Joe Rosenthal in February of 1945
The U.S. suffered terrible causalities on Iwo Jima, losing an estimated 20,000 soldiers. Total U.S. losses, mostly Marines, were 6,821 killed, 19,217 wounded, and 2,648 cases of combat fatigue. Worse was to come when the U.S. invaded Okinawa.
